Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ. Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(17):1625–38.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jiralerspong S, Goodwin PJ. Obesity and breast Cancer prognosis: evidence, challenges, and opportunities. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(35):4203–16.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
WCRF/AICR. Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. Washington DC: AICR; 2007.
Google Scholar
Hernandez AV, Guarnizo M, Miranda Y, Pasupuleti V, Deshpande A, Paico S, Lenti H, Ganoza S, Montalvo L, Thota P, et al. Association between insulin resistance and breast carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e99317.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Weisberg SP, McCann D, Desai M, Rosenbaum M, Leibel RL, Ferrante AW Jr. Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. J Clin Invest. 2003;112(12):1796–808.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Solinas G, Karin M. JNK1 and IKKbeta: molecular links between obesity and metabolic dysfunction. FASEB J. 2010;24(8):2596–611.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Lumeng CN, Bodzin JL, Saltiel AR. Obesity induces a phenotypic switch in adipose tissue macrophage polarization. J Clin Invest. 2007;117(1):175–84.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Nishimura S, Manabe I, Nagasaki M, Eto K, Yamashita H, Ohsugi M, Otsu M, Hara K, Ueki K, Sugiura S, et al. CD8+ effector T cells contribute to macrophage recruitment and adipose tissue inflammation in obesity. Nat Med. 2009;15(8):914–20.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Amano SU, Cohen JL, Vangala P, Tencerova M, Nicoloro SM, Yawe JC, Shen Y, Czech MP, Aouadi M. Local proliferation of macrophages contributes to obesity-associated adipose tissue inflammation. Cell Metab. 2014;19(1):162–71.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Kolb R, Phan L, Borcherding N, Liu Y, Yuan F, Janowski AM, Xie Q, Markan KR, Li W, Potthoff MJ, et al. Obesity-associated NLRC4 inflammasome activation drives breast cancer progression. Nat Commun. 2016;7:13007.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Williams CB, Yeh ES, Soloff AC. Tumor-associated macrophages: unwitting accomplices in breast cancer malignancy. NPJ Breast Cancer. 2016;2
Ewertz M, Jensen MB, Gunnarsdottir KA, Hojris I, Jakobsen EH, Nielsen D, Stenbygaard LE, Tange UB, Cold S. Effect of obesity on prognosis after early-stage breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(1):25–31.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Quail DF, Olson OC, Bhardwaj P, Walsh LA, Akkari L, Quick ML, Chen IC, Wendel N, Ben-Chetrit N, Walker J, et al. Obesity alters the lung myeloid cell landscape to enhance breast cancer metastasis through IL5 and GM-CSF. Nat Cell Biol. 2017;19(8):974–87.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Baek AE, Yu YA, He S, Wardell SE, Chang CY, Kwon S, Pillai RV, McDowell HB, Thompson JW, Dubois LG, et al. The cholesterol metabolite 27 hydroxycholesterol facilitates breast cancer metastasis through its actions on immune cells. Nat Commun. 2017;8(1):864.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Malanchi I, Santamaria-Martinez A, Susanto E, Peng H, Lehr HA, Delaloye JF, Huelsken J. Interactions between cancer stem cells and their niche govern metastatic colonization. Nature. 2011;481(7379):85–9.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Guy CT, Cardiff RD, Muller WJ. Induction of mammary tumors by expression of polyomavirus middle T oncogene: a transgenic mouse model for metastatic disease. Mol Cell Biol. 1992;12(3):954–61.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Shinkai Y, Rathbun G, Lam KP, Oltz EM, Stewart V, Mendelsohn M, Charron J, Datta M, Young F, Stall AM, et al. RAG-2-deficient mice lack mature lymphocytes owing to inability to initiate V(D)J rearrangement. Cell. 1992;68(5):855–67.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Kuonen F, Laurent J, Secondini C, Lorusso G, Stehle JC, Rausch T, Faes-Van't Hull E, Bieler G, Alghisi GC, Schwendener R, et al. Inhibition of the Kit ligand/c-Kit axis attenuates metastasis in a mouse model mimicking local breast cancer relapse after radiotherapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2012;18(16):4365–74.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Sugiura K, Stock CC. Studies in a tumor spectrum. I. Comparison of the action of methylbis (2-chloroethyl)amine and 3-bis(2-chloroethyl)aminomethyl-4-methoxymethyl −5-hydroxy-6-methylpyridine on the growth of a variety of mouse and rat tumors. Cancer. 1952;5(2):382–402.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Biswas T, Gu X, Yang J, Ellies LG, Sun LZ. Attenuation of TGF-beta signaling supports tumor progression of a mesenchymal-like mammary tumor cell line in a syngeneic murine model. Cancer Lett. 2014;346(1):129–38.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Winzell MS, Ahren B. The high-fat diet-fed mouse: a model for studying mechanisms and treatment of impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2004;53(Suppl 3):S215–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rose DP, Komninou D, Stephenson GD. Obesity, adipocytokines, and insulin resistance in breast cancer. Obes Rev. 2004;5(3):153–65.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Bao L, Cardiff RD, Steinbach P, Messer KS, Ellies LG. Multipotent luminal mammary cancer stem cells model tumor heterogeneity. Breast Cancer Res. 2015;17(1):137.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Ewens A, Mihich E, Ehrke MJ. Distant metastasis from subcutaneously grown E0771 medullary breast adenocarcinoma. Anticancer Res. 2005;25(6B):3905–15.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Levin BE, Keesey RE. Defense of differing body weight set points in diet-induced obese and resistant rats. Am J Phys. 1998;274(2 Pt 2):R412–9.
CAS
Google Scholar
Levine JA, Eberhardt NL, Jensen MD. Role of nonexercise activity thermogenesis in resistance to fat gain in humans. Science. 1999;283(5399):212–4.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Maehle BO, Tretli S, Skjaerven R, Thorsen T. Premorbid body weight and its relations to primary tumour diameter in breast cancer patients; its dependence on estrogen and progesterone receptor status. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2001;68(2):159–69.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Sieri S, Chiodini P, Agnoli C, Pala V, Berrino F, Trichopoulou A, Benetou V, Vasilopoulou E, Sanchez MJ, Chirlaque MD, et al. Dietary fat intake and development of specific breast cancer subtypes. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2014;106(5)
Sieri S, Krogh V, Ferrari P, Berrino F, Pala V, Thiebaut AC, Tjonneland A, Olsen A, Overvad K, Jakobsen MU, et al. Dietary fat and breast cancer risk in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88(5):1304–12.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Chawla A, Nguyen KD, Goh YP. Macrophage-mediated inflammation in metabolic disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11(11):738–49.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Mills CD, Kincaid K, Alt JM, Heilman MJ, Hill AM. M-1/M-2 macrophages and the Th1/Th2 paradigm. J Immunol. 2000;164(12):6166–73.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Murano I, Barbatelli G, Parisani V, Latini C, Muzzonigro G, Castellucci M, Cinti S. Dead adipocytes, detected as crown-like structures, are prevalent in visceral fat depots of genetically obese mice. J Lipid Res. 2008;49(7):1562–8.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Hosogai N, Fukuhara A, Oshima K, Miyata Y, Tanaka S, Segawa K, Furukawa S, Tochino Y, Komuro R, Matsuda M, et al. Adipose tissue hypoxia in obesity and its impact on adipocytokine dysregulation. Diabetes. 2007;56(4):901–11.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Michailidou Z, Turban S, Miller E, Zou X, Schrader J, Ratcliffe PJ, Hadoke PW, Walker BR, Iredale JP, Morton NM, et al. Increased angiogenesis protects against adipose hypoxia and fibrosis in metabolic disease-resistant 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD1)-deficient mice. J Biol Chem. 2012;287(6):4188–97.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Pasarica M, Sereda OR, Redman LM, Albarado DC, Hymel DT, Roan LE, Rood JC, Burk DH, Smith SR. Reduced adipose tissue oxygenation in human obesity: evidence for rarefaction, macrophage chemotaxis, and inflammation without an angiogenic response. Diabetes. 2009;58(3):718–25.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Rausch ME, Weisberg S, Vardhana P, Tortoriello DV. Obesity in C57BL/6J mice is characterized by adipose tissue hypoxia and cytotoxic T-cell infiltration. Int J Obes. 2008;32(3):451–63.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Lee YS, Kim JW, Osborne O, Oh DY, Sasik R, Schenk S, Chen A, Chung H, Murphy A, Watkins SM, et al. Increased adipocyte O2 consumption triggers HIF-1alpha, causing inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity. Cell. 2014;157(6):1339–52.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Cancer Genome Atlas N. Comprehensive molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature. 2012;490(7418):61–70.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Montagner M, Enzo E, Forcato M, Zanconato F, Parenti A, Rampazzo E, Basso G, Leo G, Rosato A, Bicciato S, et al. SHARP1 suppresses breast cancer metastasis by promoting degradation of hypoxia-inducible factors. Nature. 2012;487(7407):380–4.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Dent R, Trudeau M, Pritchard KI, Hanna WM, Kahn HK, Sawka CA, Lickley LA, Rawlinson E, Sun P, Narod SA. Triple-negative breast cancer: clinical features and patterns of recurrence. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13(15 Pt 1):4429–34.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mraz M, Haluzik M. The role of adipose tissue immune cells in obesity and low-grade inflammation. J Endocrinol. 2014;222(3):R113–27.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Powell DR, Huttenlocher A. Neutrophils in the tumor microenvironment. Trends Immunol. 2016;37(1):41–52.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Mani SA, Guo W, Liao MJ, Eaton EN, Ayyanan A, Zhou AY, Brooks M, Reinhard F, Zhang CC, Shipitsin M, et al. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition generates cells with properties of stem cells. Cell. 2008;133(4):704–15.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Prat A, Parker JS, Karginova O, Fan C, Livasy C, Herschkowitz JI, He X, Perou CM. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of the claudin-low intrinsic subtype of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 2010;12(5):R68.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Carey LA, Perou CM, Livasy CA, Dressler LG, Cowan D, Conway K, Karaca G, Troester MA, Tse CK, Edmiston S, et al. Race, breast cancer subtypes, and survival in the Carolina breast cancer study. JAMA. 2006;295(21):2492–502.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Herschkowitz JI, Zhao W, Zhang M, Usary J, Murrow G, Edwards D, Knezevic J, Greene SB, Darr D, Troester MA, et al. Comparative oncogenomics identifies breast tumors enriched in functional tumor-initiating cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(8):2778–83.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sorlie T, Perou CM, Tibshirani R, Aas T, Geisler S, Johnsen H, Hastie T, Eisen MB, van de Rijn M, Jeffrey SS, et al. Gene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98(19):10869–74.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Subramanian A, Tamayo P, Mootha VK, Mukherjee S, Ebert BL, Gillette MA, Paulovich A, Pomeroy SL, Golub TR, Lander ES, et al. Gene set enrichment analysis: a knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102(43):15545–50.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Reeves GK, Pirie K, Beral V, Green J, Spencer E, Bull D, Million Women Study Collaboration. Cancer incidence and mortality in relation to body mass index in the Million Women Study: cohort study. BMJ. 2007;335(7630):1134.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lauby-Secretan B, Scoccianti C, Loomis D, Grosse Y, Bianchini F, Straif K, International Agency for Research on Cancer Handbook Working Group. Body fatness and cancer–viewpoint of the IARC working group. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(8):794–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Protani M, Coory M, Martin JH. Effect of obesity on survival of women with breast cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010;123(3):627–35.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sparano JA, Zhao F, Martino S, Ligibel JA, Perez EA, Saphner T, Wolff AC, Sledge GW Jr, Wood WC, Davidson NE. Long-term follow-up of the E1199 phase III trial evaluating the role of taxane and schedule in operable breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(21):2353–60.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Biganzoli E, Desmedt C, Fornili M, de Azambuja E, Cornez N, Ries F, Closon-Dejardin MT, Kerger J, Focan C, Di Leo A, et al. Recurrence dynamics of breast cancer according to baseline body mass index. Eur J Cancer. 2017;87:10–20.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sceneay J, Chow MT, Chen A, Halse HM, Wong CS, Andrews DM, Sloan EK, Parker BS, Bowtell DD, Smyth MJ, et al. Primary tumor hypoxia recruits CD11b+/Ly6Cmed/Ly6G+ immune suppressor cells and compromises NK cell cytotoxicity in the premetastatic niche. Cancer Res. 2012;72(16):3906–11.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Cleary MP, Grossmann ME. Minireview: obesity and breast cancer: the estrogen connection. Endocrinology. 2009;150(6):2537–42.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Corvera S, Gealekman O. Adipose tissue angiogenesis: impact on obesity and type-2 diabetes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014;1842(3):463–72.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Bu L, Gao M, Qu S, Liu D. Intraperitoneal injection of clodronate liposomes eliminates visceral adipose macrophages and blocks high-fat diet-induced weight gain and development of insulin resistance. AAPS J. 2013;15(4):1001–11.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Elgazar-Carmon V, Rudich A, Hadad N, Levy R. Neutrophils transiently infiltrate intra-abdominal fat early in the course of high-fat feeding. J Lipid Res. 2008;49(9):1894–903.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Talukdar S, Oh DY, Bandyopadhyay G, Li D, Xu J, McNelis J, Lu M, Li P, Yan Q, Zhu Y, et al. Neutrophils mediate insulin resistance in mice fed a high-fat diet through secreted elastase. Nat Med. 2012;18(9):1407–12.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar