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This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 9 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 9 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 9 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 9 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 9 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 9 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 9 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 9 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 9 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 9 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 9 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 9 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 9 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 9 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 9 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 9 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 9 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 9 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 9 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 9 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 9 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 9 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 9 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 9 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 9 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 9 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 9 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 9 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 9 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 9 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 9 Supplement 1
Considerable evidence has now accumulated for tumour-associated macrophages stimulating key aspects of tumour progression, including the proliferation, survival and metastasis of tumour cells, tumour angiogene...
About 70% of breast cancers express oestrogen receptor α (ESR1/ERα) and are oestrogen-dependent for growth. In contrast with the highly proliferative nature of ERα-positive tumour cells, ERα-positive cells in ...
Aromatase inhibitors such as anastrozole and letrozole are highly effective suppressants of estrogen synthesis in postmenopausal women and are the most effective endocrine treatments for hormone receptor posit...
Estrogen is important in the development of breast cancer, and its biological effects are mediated primarily through the two estrogen receptors alpha and beta. A point mutation in the estrogen receptor alpha g...
HER-2/neu status of the primary breast cancer (PBC) is determined by immunohistochemistry and fluorescent in situ hybridization. Because of a variety of technical factors, however, the PBC may not accurately refl...
Delayed recurrences, common in breast cancer, are well explained by the concept of tumour dormancy. Numerous publications describe clinical times to disease recurrence or death, using mathematical approaches t...
Ki-67 expression is a possible risk biomarker and is currently being used as a response biomarker in chemoprevention trials. Mammographic breast density is a risk biomarker and is also being used as a response...
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in codon 72 of the TP53 (also known as p53) gene (rs1042522) and in the promoter region of the MDM2 gene (SNP309; rs2279744) have been suggested to play roles in many cancer...
Identification of breast cancer stem cells as the cells within breast tumors that have the ability to give rise to cells that make up the bulk of the tumor mass has shifted the focus of cancer research. Howeve...
We investigated whether mRNA levels of E2F1, a key transcription factor involved in proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, could be used as a surrogate marker for the determination of breast cancer outc...
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) is constitutively tyrosine-phosphorylated in approximately 50% of primary breast carcinomas. A number of different mechanisms responsible for Stat3 ac...
The status of the gene encoding human EGF-like receptor 2 (HER2) is an important prognostic and predictive marker in breast cancer. Only breast cancers with HER2 amplification respond to the targeted therapy with...
Gene expression profiling of breast carcinomas has increased our understanding of the heterogeneous biology of this disease and promises to impact clinical care. The aim of this study was to evaluate the progn...
Prenatal levels of mitogens may influence the lifetime breast cancer risk by driving stem cell proliferation and increasing the number of target cells, and thereby increasing the chance of mutation events that...
The Wnt and Notch signalling pathways play major roles in mammary gland development and tumourigenesis. During development, these pathways have opposing effects. However, in a recent paper Ayyanan and coworker...
A recent abstract presented in a breast cancer symposium attributed the sharp decrease in female breast cancer incidence rates from 2002 to 2003 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) cancer...
BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations exhibit variable penetrance that is likely to be accounted for, in part, by other genetic factors among carriers. However, studies aimed at identifying these factors have been limited i...
The CYP2D6 gene is responsible for the majority of tamoxifen metabolism. Recent compelling, yet limited data have determined that postmenopausal women who carry a functional polymorphism in the CYP2D6 gene have a...
Radiation exposure at a young age is one of the strongest risk factors for breast cancer. Germline mutations in genes involved in the DNA-damage repair pathway (DDRP) may render women more susceptible to radia...
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