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Women who have undergone a full-term pregnancy before the age of 20 have one-half the risk of developing breast cancer compared with women who have never gone through a full-term pregnancy. This protective eff...
Estrogen receptor (ER) has a crucial role in normal breast development and is expressed in the most common breast cancer subtypes. Importantly, its expression is very highly predictive for response to endocrin...
Many laboratories are currently evaluating the usefulness of determination of HER2, p53, and Ki67 proliferation indices using immunohistochemical techniques in cancer. Although the available studies suggest th...
The androgen-regulated proteins prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate-specific acid phosphatase (PSAP) are present in high concentrations in normal prostate and prostatic cancer and are considered to be...
Metastasis in breast cancer significantly increases morbidity and mortality. The 5-year survival rate reduces from 90% for localised disease to about 20% once metastasis has taken place. The phosphoinositide 3...
Rodent models for breast cancer have for many decades provided unparalleled insights into cellular and molecular aspects of neoplastic transformation and tumorigenesis. Despite recent improvements in the fidel...
Using a microarray approach, Kang and colleagues identified several genes involved in the generation of breast cancer metastasis in bone and demonstrated their roles in bone colonization in vivo. Their findings a...
The four-day biennial 8th Nottingham Breast Cancer Conference held at the East Midlands Conference Centre, University of Nottingham, UK (16–19 September 2003) once again proved to be a successful event. Recent...
Recent data have suggested the epidermal-growth-factor receptor (EGFR) as a point of convergence for several different classes of receptor. Civenni and colleagues have now demonstrated crosstalk between Wnt si...
The prognostic significance of germline mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 in women with breast cancer remains unclear. A combined analysis was performed to address this uncertainty.
The presence and distribution of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and its receptor complex (Rα, Rβ, Rγ) were studied in 52 women who were clinically and histopathologically diagnosed with breast tumours (17 in situ and 35 in...
p27 is a key regulator of progression from G1 to S phase. Although the gene encoding p27 is rarely mutated in human cancers, p27 is functionally inactivated in a majority of human cancers through accelerated p...
Preclinical studies suggest that 18F-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG) kills breast cancer cells without significant marrow toxicity or parenchymal toxicity. Radiation dose calculations estimated from fluorode...
Array-based comparative genomic hybridization, RNA expression profiling, and proteomic analyses are new molecular technologies used to study breast cancer. Invasive breast cancers were originally evaluated bec...
The development of modern molecular genetic techniques has allowed breast cancer researchers to clarify the multistep model of breast carcinogenesis. Laser capture microdissection coupled with comparative geno...
The treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) involves adequate surgical excision with adjuvant radiotherapy where appropriate. An inadequate excision margin and young age are independent risk factors for loca...
In recent years we have seen significantly increased use of minimally invasive diagnostic techniques in the management of breast disease. There is wide recognition of fine needle aspiration and core biopsy as ...
Estrogen is a mitogenic factor that is implicated in the genesis and progression of breast cancer via its binding to estrogen receptor (ER)-α. Synthesis of estrogen in situ is believed to be catalyzed mainly by a...
There remains limited scientific evidence on the efficacy and safety of 'natural' therapies such as herbal remedies and dietary supplements. Nevertheless, breast cancer patients are particularly prone to purch...
HER-2 (c-erbB2/Neu) predicts the prognosis of and may influence treatment responses in breast cancer. HER-2 activity induces the cytoplasmic location of p21WAFI/CIPI in cell culture, accompanied by resistance to ...
Our previous studies detected focal disruptions in myoepithelial cell layers of several ducts with carcinoma in situ. The cell cluster overlying each of the myoepithelial disruptions showed a marked reduction in ...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 5 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 5 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 5 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 5 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 5 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 5 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 5 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 5 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 5 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 5 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 5 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 5 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 5 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 5 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 5 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 5 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 5 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 5 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 5 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 5 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 5 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 5 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 5 Supplement 1
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