Table 3 Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for DCIS upgraded to invasive disease

Age (years)

 > 50

Ref.

Ref.

 ≤ 50

0.78 (0.52–1.17)

0.234

1.01 (0.58–1.76)

0.964

Palpable mass or bloody nipple discharge

 No

Ref.

Ref.

 Yes

2.67 (1.76–4.05)

< 0.001

2.76 (1.64–4.64)

< 0.001

Clinical tumor size, median (range), cm

1.26 (1.14–1.39)

< 0.001

1.20 (1.06–1.35)

0.003

Suspicious axillary lymph node on radiologic evaluation

 No

Ref.

Ref.

 Yes

2.31 (1.43–3.74)

0.001

2.01 (1.08–3.74)

0.028

Suspicious microcalcification on radiologic evaluation

 No

Ref.

Ref.

 Yes

1.27 (0.81–1.97)

0.296

1.43 (0.79–2.58)

0.232

Nuclear grade^*,†

0.042

0.270

 Low

Ref.

Ref.

 Intermediate

1.20 (0.64–2.27)

0.566

0.72 (0.31–1.68)

0.454

 High

2.16 (1.07–4.36)

0.032

1.21 (0.42–3.46)

0.720

Comedo necrosis^*,†

 No

Ref.

Ref.

 Yes

1.42 (0.88–2.29)

0.153

0.86 (0.45–1.66)

0.662

Hormone receptor^§

 Negative

Ref.

Ref.

 Positive

0.50 (0.31–0.79)

0.003

0.69 (0.31–1.54)

0.368

HER2^§

 Negative

Ref.

Ref.

 Positive

1.44 (0.94–2.22)

0.093

0.69 (0.32–1.46)

0.326

Ki-67 (%) ^§

 < 14%

Ref.

Ref.

 ≥ 14%

2.45 (1.55–3.88)

< 0.001

1.55 (0.82–2.93)

0.182