Table 1 Overview of Exosome based immunotherapy approaches for BC
Citation | Exosomes-based immunotherapy | Population description | intervention | Exposure assessment | Brief result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Huang, Rong et al. 2022) [86] | Exosomal vaccine | TNBC mouse, MDA-MB-231/Luc cells | α-LA is used to engineer exosomes derived from breast cancer cells. These exosomes are then combined with ELANE and Hiltonol to create a DC vaccine called HELA-Exos. | flow cytometry, Western blot | The HELA Exosomes can induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) in breast cancer cells in a targeted manner. |
(Wang, Wang et al. 2019) [87] | Encapsulated drug | Balb/c mice, 4T1 cells and RAW264.7 cells | Exosomes derived from M1-macrophages were utilized as carriers for PTX. | Western blot, RT-PCR Analysis, ELISA assay, Caspase-3 activity assay, MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) Assay, Apoptosis assay | The M1-Exos serves as a carrier to deliver PTX to tumor tissues and improve the anti-tumor effects of chemotherapeutics in mice with tumors. |
(Yu, Gai et al. 2019) [88] | MDA-MB-231 and HFL-1 | Exosomes loaded with erastin and labeled with FA were vectorized to target TNBC cells (erastin@FA-exo). | Western blot analysis, Colony forming assay, Wound healing assay, Flow cytometric analysis | Erastin from folate-Exo can selectively target and induce ferroptosis in MDA-MB-231 tumor cells | |
(Zhao, Gu et al. 2020) [89] | SiRNA exosome | HUVEC cells and 4 T1 mouse breast cancer cells | CBSA conjugated siS100A4 and exosome membrane coated biomimetic nanoparticles (CBSA/siS100A4@Exosome) that consist of a CBSA/siS100A4 core and an exosome membrane shell | Western blot, Wound healing assay, Immunofluorescence | CBSA/siS100A4@Exosome-mediated RNAi was demonstrated to down-regulate the expression of S100A4, induced significant suppression of postoperative metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer |
(Ohno, Takanashi et al. 2013) [90] | Exosome-mediated exogenous mRNA | RAG2–/– mice, HCC70, HCC1954, and MCF-7 cells, HEK293 | Intravenously injected exosomes delivered let-7a miRNA to EGFR-expressing xenograft breast cancer tissue | Western blot, real-time reverse transcription-PCRs, Flow cytometry | Exosomes can target cancerous tissues expressing EGFR with nucleic acid drugs |
(Gong, Tian et al. 2019) [87] | Â | , THP-1 cells and B16 cells | The A15-Exo has been equipped with a chemotherapy drug and miRNA159 modified with cholesterol | Confocal microscopy, Apoptosis assay, Quantitative real-time PCR | A15-Exo loaded with a chemotherapeutic drug and cholesterol-modified miRNA159 were used for in vitro and in vivo experiments. The treatment induced a synergistic therapeutic effect in MDA-MB-231 cells and exhibited improved anticancer effects |
(Han, Wang et al. 2020) [91] | NK derived exosome | NK-92 cells, MCF-7 cells | effectiveness of NK-Exos-entrapped PTX-NK-Exos | Western blotting, HPLC, MTT assay, flow cytometry, qRT-PCR | According to qRT-PCR and Western blotting, PTX-NK-Exos induced apoptosis in tumor cells by up-regulating Bax and Caspase-3 |
(Hashemi, Ghavami et al. 2023) [92] | breast cancer spheroids by NK cells | delivery of SFB to breast cancer spheroids by NK-Exos | MTT assay, RT-PCR, western blot, scratch, and migration assay, electroporation | Spheroids treated with SFB-NK-Exos exhibited increased cytotoxicity and apoptosis despite a reduced SFB concentration in the formulation, similar to that of free SFB |