Fig. 6

Th2 cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-13, and IL-10 polarize macrophages to the M2 phenotype, which is known to have an anti-inflammatory effect and to play a role in tissue repair and hemostasis. the M2 subtypes, which originate from macrophages in the tumor microenvironment and promote tumor development as well as angiogenesis (a). Other methods for polarizing M2 macrophages to the M1 phenotype include the infusion of cytokines and drugs. Additionally, it has been shown that microRNAs are an essential component in the regulation of the polarization of macrophages. For example, mir-155 was able to suppress M2/Th2 responses (b)