Fig. 2

Representative images of changes of the immune microenvironment induced by neoadjuvant chemotherapy in one patient who achieved pCR and was still in remission 5 years after the surgery (H&E; PD-L1, TIM-3, and LAG-3 immunohistochemistry: × 400 magnification). To note that the different pictures presented here were not performed at the same site of the tissue section, and comparison between the localization of the different staining must not be carried out. a Baseline H&E of a significant TIL infiltrate (70%), indicative of a good prognosis and predictive of pCR. b Post-chemotherapy H&E staining showing a significant decrease in TILs but remaining high (15%). c Strong PD-L1 staining before treatment (IC2). d PD-L1 staining became negative after chemotherapy (IC0). e TIM-3 staining before treatment was negative (< 1%). f TIM-3 after chemotherapy became strongly positive (5%). g Strong LAG-3 staining before treatment (score = 26). h LAG-3 staining decreased after chemotherapy (score = 6)