Fig. 3

YARS sensitizes breast cancer cells to standard chemotherapeutic agents by inducing the necrotic cell death pathway. a The cytotoxicity effect of docetaxel (DTX), Adriamycin (ADR), and cyclophosphamide (CPM) on YARS-overexpressing 3D spheroid models. b Cell death was determined using the LDH release assay for YARS-overexpressing and control cells. c Representative graphs of plasma membrane integrity determined via propidium iodide (PI) staining followed by flow cytometry. d Representative images of YARS-induced morphological changes captured using a transmission electron microscope. The scale bar represents 5 μm. e Cell death was determined using Annexin V/PI-staining and flow cytometry (left). Representative graphs show the Annexin-V- and/or PI-positive and PI-negative distributions of cells (right). f Plasma membrane integrity was determined through PI staining followed by flow cytometry (left). Representative graphs for cell death determined using PI staining (right). All cells were pretreated with pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD.fmk (10 μM) for 1 h and then examined for PI-positive cells