Aerobic and resistance exercise improves physical fitness, bone health, and quality of life in overweight and obese breast cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial

Table 1 Comparison of physical fitness between exercise and usual care groups

	Baseline	Post-intervention		3-month follow-up		Between-group difference post-intervention
	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	P value^a	Mean (SD)	P value^b	Mean (95% CI)	P value^c
Estimated VO_2max (mL/kg/min)
Exercise	23.3 (6.1)	35.1 (8.0)	< 0.001	32.1 (8.2)	< 0.001	11.8 (25.2 to 16.7)	< 0.001
Usual care	22.7 (6.4)	19.3 (8.5)	0.14	–	–	11.8 (25.2 to 16.7)	< 0.001
Resting heart rate (bpm)
Exercise	87.9 (8.0)	77.5 (8.5)	< 0.001	76.9 (8.9)	< 0.001	−15.4 (−18.1 to −11.7)	< 0.001
Usual care	87.7 (7.7)	88.1 (7.8)	0.67	–	–	−15.4 (−18.1 to −11.7)	< 0.001
Leg extension (kgs)
Exercise	45.4 (10.6)	75.7 (10.8)	< 0.001	77.4 (11.5)	< 0.001	30.4 (35.9 to 27.8)	< 0.001
Usual care	44.9 (9.1)	42.9 (9.0)	0.15	–	–	30.4 (35.9 to 27.8)	< 0.001
Leg flexion (kgs)
Exercise	39.5 (9.6)	63.6 (11.2)	< 0.001	62.4 (12.1)	< 0.001	24.0 (27.2 to 21.6)	< 0.001
Usual care	40.8 (10.1)	39.7 (10.6)	0.23	–	–	24.0 (27.2 to 21.6)	< 0.001
Latissimus pulldown (kgs)
Exercise	30.6 (4.7)	39.0 (6.1)	< 0.001	38.5 (6.5)	< 0.001	9.6 (11.7 to 6.1)	< 0.001
Usual care	30.3 (4.0)	29.6 (4.4)	0.27	–	–	9.6 (11.7 to 6.1)	< 0.001
Chest press (kgs)
Exercise	9.1 (2.3)	20.7 (4.5)	< 0.001	19.5 (4.0)	< 0.001	11.6 (15.9 to 7.7)	< 0.001
Usual care	9.2 (2.5)	8.7 (2.4)	0.40	–	–	11.6 (15.9 to 7.7)	< 0.001

Abbreviations: SD standard deviation, CI confidence interval, kgs kilograms
^aP value for repeated measures ANOVA comparing changes in the exercise group from baseline to post-intervention, and in the usual care group from baseline to post-intervention
^bP value for repeated measures ANOVA comparing changes in the exercise group from baseline to 3-month follow-up
^cP value for mixed model analysis comparing changes between the exercise and usual care group from baseline to post-intervention