Characteristic | Matched cohort analysis insulin-treated diabetes | Insulin genetic score analysis | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insulin-treated T1D (n = 122) | Non-diabetics (n = 610) | P value | Insulin-treated T2D (n = 237) | Nondiabetics (n = 1161) | P value | Nondiabetics (n = 9437) | |
Age, years, mean (SD) | 49.6 (8.6) | 49.6 (8.5) | 1.00 | 62.5 (8.0) | 62.3 (7.9) | 0.82 | 57.3 (9.8) |
BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 25.7 (4.3) | 25.1 (4.3) | 0.17 | 29.5 (5.7) | 25.3 (3.9) | <  0.001 | 25.3 (4.1) |
Education level, % (n) | Â | Â | 0.09 | Â | Â | 0.09 | Â |
 Compulsory | 8.5 (10) | 8.3 (49) |  | 27.9 (62) | 22.7 (250) |  | 16.9 (1376) |
 Gymnasium | 40.2 (47) | 30.2 (178) |  | 29.7 (66) | 27.2 (300) |  | 31.2 (2544) |
 University | 51.3 (60) | 61.5 (362) |  | 42.3 (94) | 50.1 (552) |  | 51.9 (4234) |
 Missing | 4.1 (5) | 3.4 (21) |  | 6.3 (15) | 5.1 (59) |  | 13.6 (1283) |
Age at menarche, years, mean (SD) | 13.4 (2.0) | 13.0 (1.4) | 0.02 | 12.8 (1.5) | 13.3 (1.5) | <  0.001 | 13.2 (1.5) |
Parity, % (n) |  |  | <  0.001 |  |  | 0.12 |  |
 0 | 22.1 (27) | 14.0 (85) |  | 17.9 (42) | 12.6 (144) |  | 12.1 (1129) |
 1 | 25.4 (31) | 14.0 (85) |  | 14.5 (34) | 12.9 (147) |  | 14.5 (1354) |
 2 | 36.9 (45) | 51.8 (314) |  | 42.7 (100) | 46.8 (534) |  | 47.6 (4460) |
  ≥ 3 | 15.6 (19) | 20.1 (122) |  | 24.8 (58) | 27.8 (317) |  | 25.9 (2423) |
 Missing | 0.0 (0) | 0.7 (4) |  | 1.3 (3) | 1.6 (19) |  | 0.8 (71) |
Age at first birth, years, mean (SD) | 27.3 (5.6) | 28.5 (5.3) | 0.05 | 24.3 (4.4) | 25.8 (5.0) | <  0.001 | 26.6 (5.0) |
 Missing | 5.3 (5) | 5.6 (29) |  | 6.3 (12) | 5.1 (51) |  |  |
Menopausal status, % (n) | Â | Â | 0.97 | Â | Â | 0.86 | Â |
 Premenopausal | 65.6 (80) | 65.4 (399) |  | 13.5 (32) | 14.0 (162) |  | 34.1(3216) |
 Postmenopausal | 34.4 (42) | 34.6 (211) |  | 86.5 (205) | 86.0 (999) |  | 65.9 (6221) |
OC use (ever), % (n) | 73.8 (90) | 85.6 (519) | 0.001 | 66.1 (154) | 75.3 (853) | 0.004 | 79.0 (6779) |
 Missing | 0.0 (0) | 0.7 (4) |  | 1.7 (4) | 2.4 (28) |  | 9.1 (857) |
HRT, % (n) | Â | Â | 0.23 | Â | Â | 0.52 | Â |
 Never | 86.8 (99) | 86.9 (504) |  | 71.2 (151) | 70.6 (730) |  | 73.6 (6400) |
 Former | 7.9 (9) | 10.5 (61) |  | 25.5 (54) | 24.3 (251) |  | 21.9 (1909) |
 Current | 5.3 (6) | 2.6 (15) |  | 3.3 (7) | 5.1 (53) |  | 4.8 (423) |
 Missing | 6.6 (8) | 4.9 (30) |  | 10.5 (25) | 10.9 (127) |  | 7.5 (705) |
Alcohol intake, % (n) |  |  | 0.02 |  |  | <  0.001 |  |
 None | 27.9 (34) | 17.0 (104) |  | 44.4 (103) | 17.7 (200) |  | 18.9 (1602) |
 1–25 g/wk | 17.2 (21) | 26.2 (160) |  | 18.5 (43) | 23.2 (262) |  | 19.3 (1643) |
 25–50 g/wk | 32.8 (40) | 27.7 (169) |  | 16.4 (38) | 29.5 (333) |  | 32.3 (2742) |
  > 50 g/wk | 21.3 (26) | 27.9 (170) |  | 20.7 (48) | 29.5 (332) |  | 28.5 (2508) |
 Missing | 0.8 (1) | 1.1 (7) |  | 2.1 (5) | 2.9 (34) |  | 10.0 (942) |
Physical activity, % (n) |  |  | 0.07 |  |  | <  0.001 |  |
  < 40 MET h/d | 40.2 (47) | 31.6 (188) |  | 54.1 (120) | 39.9 (443) |  | 35.4 (2913) |
 40–45 MET h/d | 32.5 (38) | 36.8 (219) |  | 32.0 (71) | 35.4 (393) |  | 36.0 (2969) |
 45–50 MET h/d | 12.8 (15) | 20.8 (124) |  | 8.6 (19) | 16.5 (183) |  | 18.6 (1535) |
  > 50 MET h/d | 14.5 (17) | 10.8 (64) |  | 5.4 (12) | 8.1 (90) |  | 10.0 (822) |
 Missing | 4.1 (5) | 2.5 (15) |  | 6.3 (15) | 4.5 (52) |  | 12.7 (1198) |
Smoking status, % (n) | Â | Â | 0.38 | Â | Â | 0.17 | Â |
 Never | 52.5 (64) | 53.9 (327) |  | 41.1 (97) | 46.5 (536) |  | 46.4 (3977) |
 Former | 32.0 (39) | 34.9 (212) |  | 44.5 (105) | 42.6 (491) |  | 41.7 (3568) |
 Current | 15.6 (19) | 11.2 (68) |  | 14.4 (34) | 10.9 (125) |  | 11.9 (1020) |
 Missing | 0.0 (0) | 0.5 (3) |  | 0.4 (1) | 0.8 (9) |  | 9.2 (872) |
Statin therapy (current), % (n) | 36.1 (44) | 4.3 (26) | <  0.001 | 61.2 (145) | 11.5 (134) | <  0.001 | 8.9 (839) |
Low-dose aspirin (current), % (n) | 15.6 (19) | 2.1 (13) | <  0.001 | 35.0 (83) | 6.5 (76) | <  0.001 | 5.1 (483) |
Charlson comorbidity index, % (n) |  |  | <  0.001 |  |  | <  0.001 |  |
 0 | 82.0 (100) | 97.0 (592) |  | 73.8 (175) | 92.2 (1070) |  | 94.5 (8913) |
 1 | 14.8 (18) | 2.6 (16) |  | 15.2 (36) | 6.5 (75) |  | 4.8 (452) |
  ≥ 2 | 3.3 (4) | 0.3 (2) |  | 11.0 (26) | 1.4 (16) |  | 0.8 (72) |
Benign breast disease, % (n) | Â | Â | 0.77 | Â | Â | 0.78 | Â |
  No | 78.1 (89) | 76.8 (464) |  | 75.8 (175) | 74.9 (856) |  | 76.8 (7084) |
 Yes | 21.9 (25) | 23.2 (140) |  | 24.2 (56) | 25.1 (287) |  | 23.2 (2145) |
 Missing | 6.6 (8) | 1.0 (6) |  | 2.5 (6) | 1.6 (18) |  | 2.2 (208) |
Family history of breast cancer, % (n) | Â | Â | 0.05 | Â | Â | 0.04 | Â |
 No | 84.0 (100) | 90.2 (534) |  | 80.9 (182) | 86.1 (963) |  | 87.0 (7944) |
 Yes | 16.0 (19) | 9.8 (58) |  | 19.1 (43) | 13.9 (155) |  | 13.0 (1188) |
 Missing | 2.5 (3) | 3.0 (18) |  | 5.1 (12) | 3.7 (43) |  | 3.2 (305) |
Age at diagnosis, years, mean (SD) | 19.9 (7.6) | – |  | 54.8 (8.2) | – |  | – |
Diabetes duration, years, mean (SD) | 29.7 (10.2) | – |  | 4.9 (2.5) | – |  | – |
Insulin therapy, % (n) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Glargine insulin | 53.3 (65) | – |  | 31.2 (74) | – |  | – |
 Nonglargine insulin | 46.7 (57) | – |  | 68.8 (163) | – |  | – |
Comedication metformin, % (n) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 No | 95.9 (117) | – |  | 47.3 (112) | – |  | – |
 Yes | 4.1 (5) | – |  | 52.7 (125) | – |  | – |