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Table 1 In vivo murine mammary morphogens

From: Regulation of mammary gland branching morphogenesis by the extracellular matrix and its remodeling enzymes

Morphogen

Branching*

Mode of application

Reference

Extracellular factors

   

   Estrogen

↑

Administered

[110]

   Estrogen

↑

Slow-release pellet

[111]

   Anti-estrogen

↓

Slow-release pellet

[112]

   Progesterone

↓

Slow-release pellet

[113]

   Parathyroid-hormone-related peptide

↓

Homozygous deletion

[114]

   Parathyroid-hormone-related peptide

↓

Transgenic overexpression

[115]

   Parathyroid hormone

↓

Transgenic overexpression

[115]

   Corticosterone

↓

Administered

[116]

   Epidermal growth factor (EGF)

↑

Slow-release pellet

[117]

   TGF-β1

↓

Slow-release pellet

[118-119]

   TGF-β2

↓

Slow-release pellet

[118]

   TGF-β3

↓

Slow-release pellet

[118]

   Insulin-like growth factor 1

↓

Homozygous deletion

[120]

   Growth hormone

↑

Slow-release pellet

[117]

   Hepatocyte growth factor

↑

Transgenic overexpression

[121]

   Relaxin

↑

Systemically administered

[122]

   Amphiregulin

↑

Overexpressing transplants

[123]

   Amphiregulin

↑

Slow-release pellet

[123]

   Hereguln-α

↑

Slow-release pellet

[124]

   Heregulin-β

↑

Slow-release pellet

[124]

   Wnt-4

↓

Homozygous deletion

[125]

   Wnt-4

↑

Overexpressing transplants

[126]

   C-neu

↓

Transgenic overexpression

[127]

   Colony-stimulating factor

↓

Homozygous deletion

[128]

   Eotaxin

↓

Homozygous deletion

[128]

   MMP-3 (stromelysin-1)

↑

Transgenic overexpression

[69-70]

   TIMP-1

↑

Transgenic antisense TIMP-1

[12]

   TIMP-1

↓

Slow-release pellet

[12]

Receptors

   

   EGF receptor (EGFR)

↓

Homozygous deletion

[129]

   Epidermal-growth-factor receptor

↑

Transgenic/dominant negative

[130]

   Estrogen receptor α

↓

Homozygous deletion

[131]

   Progesterone receptor A (PRA)

↑

Transgenic overexpression

[132]

   Progresterone receptor A/B

↓

Homozygous deletion

[133]

   Prolactin receptor

↓

Homozygous deletion

[134]

   TGF-β2 receptor

↑

Transgenic/dominant negative

[135]

Intracellular factors

   

   CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β

↓

Homozygous deletion

[136-137]

   Gelsolin

↓

Homozygous deletion

[138]

   Hox6C

↓

Homozygous deletion

[139]

  1. * ↑, augmentation of branching; ↓, inhibition of branching. MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; TGF, transforming growth factor; TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase.
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Breast Cancer Research

ISSN: 1465-542X

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