Fig. 1

Chitin reduces tumor progression and enhances anti-PD-1 efficacy in a 4T1- and 66cl4-based intraductal model. A Experimental timeline with chitin and anti-PD-1 treatment schedules. B,C Weekly measurements of primary tumor volumes across the 5-w study period in the untreated and treated 4T1- (B) and 66cl4-based model (C) (n = 14 for all groups at all time points in the 4T1-based model; n = 22 for all groups at all time points in the 66cl4-based model). D,E In vivo imaging of primary tumor bioluminescent signals (total flux density in p/s/cm²) in the untreated and treated 4T1- (D) and 66cl4-based model (E) (n = 14 for all groups at all time points in the 4T1-based model; n = 22 for all groups at all time points in the 66cl4-based model). F,G Representative images of primary tumor bioluminescence in the untreated and treated 4T1- (F) and 66cl4-based model (G) at 5 w p.i. Data are presented as the means ± standard error of the mean (SEM). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001