From: Causal relationships between breast cancer risk factors based on mammographic features
Assignment of X–Y |  | Model 1 |  | Model 2 |  | Model 3 |  | Change* |  | Conclusion from ICE FALCON | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Coef. (se) | P | Coef. (se) | P | Coef. (se) | P | Coef. (se) | P | Familial confounding | Causal effect | |
Light areas–bright areas | Self | 0.802 (0.030) | 2 × 10–161 |  |  | 0.770 (0.033) | 5 × 10–117 | 0.032 (0.013) | 2 × 10–2 | Yes (11%) | Light areas cause bright areas (89%) |
Co-twin |  |  | 0.513 (0.041) | 4 × 10–35 | 0.070 (0.027) | 10–2 | 0.443 (0.037) | 8 × 10–34 | |||
Bright areas–light areas | Self | 0.770 (0.025) | 4 × 10–210 |  |  | 0.727 (0.026) | 10 × 10–174 | 0.043 (0.011) | 5 × 10–5 | Yes (42%) | Bright areas cause light areas (58%) |
Co-twin |  |  | 0.404 (0.045) | 10–19 | 0.144 (0.025) | 8 × 10–9 | 0.259 (0.035) | 10–13 | |||
Light areas–Cirrus | Self | 0.352 (0.041) | 6 × 10–18 |  |  | 0.328 (0.041) | 3 × 10–15 | 0.024 (0.011) | 2 × 10–2 | Yes (63%) | Light areas cause Cirrus (37%) |
Co-twin |  |  | 0.176 (0.038) | 4 × 10–06 | 0.087 (0.037) | 0.02 | 0.089 (0.020) | 10–5 | |||
Cirrus–light areas | Self | 0.285 (0.035) | 2 × 10–16 |  |  | 0.303 (0.034) | 6 × 10–19 |  − 0.018 (0.008) | 2 × 10–2 | ||
Co-twin |  |  | 0.091 (0.033) | 6 × 10–03 | 0.135 (0.030) | 9 × 10–6 |  − 0.045 (0.015) | 3 × 10–3 | |||
Bright areas–Cirrus | Self | 0.398 (0.038) | 6 × 10–26 |  |  | 0.367 (0.039) | 2 × 10–21 | 0.031 (0.010) | 2 × 10–3 | Yes (72%) | Bright areas cause Cirrus (28%) |
Co-twin |  |  | 0.215 (0.038) | 10–08 | 0.139 (0.036) | 10–4 | 0.076 (0.021) | 2 × 10–4 | |||
Cirrus–bright areas | Self | 0.361 (0.034) | 5 × 10–26 |  |  | 0.355 (0.034) | 10–25 | 0.006 (0.008) | 0.5 | ||
Co-twin |  |  | 0.165 (0.036) | 6 × 10–06 | 0.163 (0.033) | 7 × 10–7 | 0.002 (0.017) | 0.9 | |||
Brightest areas (Cirrocumulus)–Cirrus | Self | 0.351 (0.040) | 2 × 10–18 |  |  | 0.356 (0.039) | 2 × 10–20 |  − 0.005 (0.008) | 0.5 | Yes (66%) | Cirrus causes brightest areas (Cirrocumulus) (34%) |
 | Co-twin |  |  | 0.138 (0.035) | 9 × 10–05 | 0.166 (0.032) | 3 × 10–7 |  − 0.028 (0.016) | 8 × 10–2 | ||
Cirrus–brightest areas (Cirrocumulus) | Self | 0.389 (0.039) | 10–23 |  |  | 0.360 (0.040) | 9 × 10–20 | 0.028 (0.010) | 4 × 10–3 | ||
Co-twin |  |  | 0.191 (0.038) | 5 × 10–07 | 0.114 (0.036) | 2 × 10–03 | 0.077 (0.018) | 3 × 10–5 | |||
Light areas–brightest areas (Cirrocumulus) | Self | 0.470 (0.036) | 5 × 10–38 |  |  | 0.424 (0.041) | 3 × 10–25 | 0.046 (0.017) | 8 × 10–3 | Yes (45%) | Light areas cause brightest areas (Cirrocumulus) (55%) |
Co-twin |  |  | 0.284 (0.040) | 2 × 10–12 | 0.103 (0.037) | 5 × 10–3 | 0.181 (0.025) | 9 × 10–13 | |||
Brightest areas (Cirrocumulus)–light areas | Self | 0.347(0.035) | 7 × 10–23 |  |  | 0.395 (0.033) | 4 × 10–33 |  − 0.048 (0.012) | 6 × 10–5 | ||
Co-twin |  |  | 0.113 (0.034) | 8 × 10–4 | 0.221 (0.030) | 10–13 |  − 0.108 (0.018) | 3 × 10–9 | |||
Bright areas–brightest areas (Cirrocumulus) | Self | 0.680 (0.025) | 10–159 |  |  | 0.653 (0.029) | 3 × 10–109 | 0.027 (0.014) | 6 × 10–2 | Yes (15%) | Bright areas cause brightest areas (Cirrocumulus) (85%) |
Co-twin |  |  | 0.378 (0.039) | 2 × 10–22 | 0.058 (0.031) | 7 × 10–2 | 0.320 (0.031) | 5 × 10–25 | |||
Brightest areas (Cirrocumulus)–bright areas | Self | 0.619 (0.032) | 2 × 10–84 |  |  | 0.606 (0.029) | 4 × 10–94 | 0.012 (0.010) | 0.2 | ||
Co-twin |  |  | 0.136 (0.038) | 4 × 10–4 | 0.202 (0.027) | 8 × 10–14 |  − 0.065 (0.027) | 2 × 10–2 | |||
Light areasa–brightest areas (Cirrocumulus)a | Self | 0.386 (0.038) | 9 × 10–25 |  |  | 0.365 (0.041) | 6 × 10–9 | 0.020 (0.016) | 0.2 | Yes (36%) | Light areas cause brightest areas (Cirrocumulus) not through Cirrus (64%) |
Co-twin |  |  | 0.198(0.043) | 5 × 10–6 | 0.051 (0.040) | 0.2 | 0.147 (0.024) | 5 × 10–10 | |||
Brightest areas (Cirrocumulus)a–light areasa | Self | 0.287 (0.034) | 10–17 |  |  | 0.339 (0.034) | 2 × 10–23 |  − 0.052 (0.012) | 2 × 10–5 | ||
Co-twin |  |  | 0.046 (0.036) | 0.2 | 0.165 (0.033) | 8 × 10–7 |  − 0.119(0.018) | 7 × 10–11 | |||
Bright areas a–brightest areas (Cirrocumulus)a | Self | 0.608(0.030) | 4 × 10–90 |  |  | 0.597 (0.033) | 3 × 10–75 | 0.011 (0.011) | 0.3 | Yes (8%) | Bright areas cause brightest areas (Cirrocumulus) not through Cirrus (92%) |
Co-twin |  |  | 0.268(0.044) | 2 × 10–9 | 0.033 (0.033) | 0.3 | 0.234 (0.032) | 2 × 10–13 | |||
Brightest areas (Cirrocumulus) a–bright areasa | Self | 0.562(0.032) | 6 × 10–69 |  |  | 0.569 (0.031) | 3 × 10–77 |  − 0.008 (0.008) | 0.3 | ||
Co-twin |  |  | 0.058 (0.044) | 0.2 | 0.153 (0.031) | 9 × 10–7 |  − 0.096 (0.028) | 10–3 |