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Table 3 Associations of particulate matter measures with breast cancer risk (Hazard Ratios [HR] and 95% Confidence Intervals [95% CI])

From: Association of air pollution with postmenopausal breast cancer risk in UK Biobank

Year

Air pollution measure

Analyses without exposure lag

Analyses with 2-year exposure lag

N with/without breast cancer

HR (95% CI)a

N with/without breast cancer

HR (95% CI)a

2007

PM10

    

per 5 µg/m3

6117/148,289

1.09 (1.04, 1.14)

5932/148,055

1.11 (1.06, 1.16)

per 10 µg/m3

6117/148,289

1.18 (1.08, 1.29)

5932/148,055

1.23 (1.12, 1.35)

Q1: ≤ 20.14 (18.95)

1398/37,298

1.00

1342/37,221

1.00

Q2: > 20.14 to ≤ 21.72 (20.99)

1605/36,933

1.17 (1.09, 1.26)

1545/36,872

1.18 (1.10, 1.27)

Q3: > 21.72 to ≤ 23.54 (22.50)

1562/36,972

1.14 (1.06, 1.23)

1512/36,906

1.15 (1.07, 1.24)

Q4: > 23.54 (25.28)

1552/37,086

1.15 (1.07, 1.24)

1533/37,056

1.19 (1.10, 1.28)

p for trend

6117/148,289

0.001

5932/148,055

 < 0.0001

2010

PM10

    

per 5 µg/m3

5321/137,115

1.00 (0.93, 1.07)

4281/135,538

0.98 (0.90, 1.06)

per 10 µg/m3

5321/137,115

0.99 (0.86, 1.15)

4281/135,538

0.96 (0.82, 1.12)

Q1: ≤ 15.22 (14.37)

1363/34,342

1.00

1100/33,942

1.00

Q2: > 15.22 to ≤ 16.01 (15.68)

1276/34,011

0.95 (0.88, 1.02)

1013/33,597

0.93(0.86, 1.02)

Q3: > 16.01 to ≤ 16.98 (16.40)

1374/34,512

1.00 (0.93, 1.08)

1118/34,136

1.01 (0.93, 1.10)

Q4: > 16.98 (18.07)

1308/34,250

0.97 (0.89, 1.04)

1050/33,863

0.96 (0.88, 1.04)

p for trend

5321/137,115

0.536

4281/135,538

0.524

PM2.5

    

per 5 µg/m3

5321/137,115

0.93 (0.81, 1.06)

4281/135,538

0.91 (0.79, 1.06)

per 10 µg/m3

5321/137,115

0.86 (0.66, 1.12)

4281/135,538

0.84 (0.62, 1.12)

Q1: ≤ 9.26 (8.76)

1389/34,212

1.00

1122/33,807

1.00

Q2: > 9.26 to ≤ 9.90 (9.60)

1283/34,191

0.93 (0.86, 1.00)

1031/33,784

0.92 (0.85, 1.01)

Q3: > 9.90 to ≤ 10.52 (10.18)

1340/34,282

0.97 (0.90, 1.04)

1071/33,898

0.96 (0.88, 1.04)

Q4: > 10.52 (11.06)

1309/34,430

0.94 (0.87, 1.02)

1057/34,049

0.94 (0.86, 1.02)

p for trend

5321/137,115

0.217

4281/135,538

0.204

PM2.5 absorbance

    

per 5 µg/m3

5321/137,115

0.90 (0.54, 1.51)

4281/135,538

0.91 (0.51, 1.61)

per 10 µg/m3

5321/137,115

0.82 (0.29, 2.29)

4281/135,538

0.82 (0.26, 2.58)

Q1: ≤ 0.99 (0.92)

1390/35,218

1.00

1111/34,767

1.00

Q2: > 0.99 to ≤ 1.12 (1.06)

1306/34,467

0.96 (0.89, 1.04)

1049/34,079

0.97 (0.89, 1.05)

Q3: > 1.12 to ≤ 1.29 (1.20)

1305/33,233

1.00 (0.93, 1.08)

1051/32,871

1.01 (0.92, 1.09)

Q4: > 1.29 (1.45)

1320/34,197

0.99 (0.92, 1.07)

1070/33,821

1.00 (0.92, 1.09)

p for trend

5321/137,115

0.999

4281/135,538

0.835

PM coarse 2.5–10

    

per 5 µg/m3

5321/137,115

1.06 (0.91, 1.23)

4281/135,538

1.02 (0.87, 1.21)

per 10 µg/m3

5321/137,115

1.12 (0.83, 1.51)

4281/135,538

1.05 (0.75, 1.46)

Q1: ≤ 5.84 (5.71)

1316/33,712

1.00

1041/33,334

1.00

Q2: > 5.84 to ≤ 6.10 (5.96)

1326/35,038

0.97 (0.90, 1.05)

1091/34,642

1.01 (0.92, 1.10)

Q3: > 6.10 to ≤ 6.63 (6.30)

1351/33,923

1.02 (0.94, 1.10)

1090/33,512

1.04 (0.95, 1.13)

Q4: > 6.63 (7.26)

1328/34,442

0.99 (0.92, 1.07)

1059/64,050

1.00 (0.91, 1.08)

p for trend

5321/137,115

0.984

4281/135,538

0.832

Cumulative average PM10

 

per 5 µg/m3

6128/148,640

1.41 (1.32, 1.51)

4903/146,829

1.36 (1.27, 1.47)

 

per 10 µg/m3

6128/148,640

1.99 (1.75, 2.27)

4903/146,829

1.86 (1.61, 2.15)

 

Q1: ≤ 17.92 (17.06)

1398/37,382

1.00

1136/36,993

1.00

 

Q2: > 17.92 to ≤ 19.04 (18.52)

1461/37,229

1.05 (0.98, 1.13)

1169/36,808

1.03 (0.95, 1.12)

 

Q3: > 19.04 to ≤ 20.25 (19.38)

1461/37,182

1.05 (0.98, 1.13)

1187/36,730

1.05 (0.97, 1.14)

 

Q4: > 20.25 (21.39)

1808/36,847

1.35 (1.25, 1.44)

1411/36,298

1.29 (1.19, 1.39)

 

p for trend

6128/148,640

 < 0.0001

4903/146,829

 < 0.0001

  1. NO2, nitrogen dioxide; NOx, Nitrogen oxide; PM10, particulate matter ≤ 10 µm in diameter; PM2.5, particulate matter ≤ 2.5 µm in diameter; PM2.5 absorbance, particulate matter ≤ 2.5 µm in diameter absorbance; PM coarse 2.5–10, particulate matter between 2.5 and 10 µm in diameterQ1 = 1st quartile; Q2, 2nd quartile; Q3, 3rd quartile; Q4, 4th quartile
  2. aAdjusted for age, body mass index, race, age at menopause, age at menarche, parity/age at first birth, postmenopausal hormone use, family history of breast cancer, alcohol consumption, and smoking
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Breast Cancer Research

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