From: Breast cancer metastasis to the bone: mechanisms of bone loss
Factor | Source | Target | Effect on target | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
PTH | Serum | OB | ↑ RANKL | [41] |
PTHrP | CC | OB | ↑ RANKL | [13] |
COX-2/PGE2 | OB, CC | OB, CC | ↑ RANKL; in CC, ↑ MMPs | |
IL-1 | Macrophages, monocytes, CC | OB | ↑ RANKL | [41] |
IL-11 | OB | OB | ↑ RANKL | [20] |
TNFα | Macrophages, EC | OB | ↑ RANKL | [41] |
IGF | Serum | OB | ↑ RANKL | [41] |
FGF | Stromal cells | OB | ↑ RANKL | [41] |
TGF-β | OB, CC, matrix release | OB, CC | In OB, ↑ COX-2, cytokines; in CC, ↑ PTHrP | [20] |
PDGF | OC, CC, platelets, megakaryocytes | OB | ↑ OB proliferation; ↓ OB differentiation; ↓ OB adhesion | |
Vitamin D/calcium | Serum | OB | ↑ RANKL if deficient | |
Estrogen | Serum | OB, OC | In OB, ↑ OPG production, ↑ collagen synthesis, ↓ cytokines, ↓ apoptosis; in OC, ↑ apoptosis | |
RANKL | OB | OC | ↑ Osteoclastogenesis | [13] |
OPG | OB | OC | ↓ Osteoclastogenesis | [13] |
IL-6 | OB, CC | OC | ↑ Osteoclastogenesis | [31] |
IL-8 | OB, CC, EC, monocytes | OC | ↑ OC activation | [21] |
M-CSF | OB, CC | OC | ↑ Osteoclastogenesis | [64] |
MCP-1 | OB, CC | OC | ↑ Osteoclastogenesis | [22] |
VEGF | OB, CC, EC | OC | ↑ OC formation | [48] |
MMPs | OB, CC, EC | Matrix | Matrix degradation | [5] |
Cathepsin K | OC | Matrix | Matrix degradation | [51] |