Figure 1From: Tamoxifen may prevent both ER+ and ER- breast cancers and select for ER- carcinogenesis: an alternative hypothesisEquations used to test our alternative hypothesis. Rate of ER- tumor development equals Z(ER+) + (ER-) × (1 - RR). Rate of ER+ tumor development equals (1 - Z) × (ER+) × (1 - RR). ER+, percentage of ER- tumors in absence of tamoxifen; ER-, percentage of ER+ tumors in absence of tamoxifen; RR, risk reduction from tamoxifen; Z, rate of transformation from ER+ to ER- tumors.Back to article page