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Overexpression of the ERBB2 proto-oncogene is associated with amplification of the gene in breast cancer but increased activity of the promoter also plays a significant role. Members of two transcription factor f...
ErbB (also termed HER) receptors are expressed in various tissues of epithelial, mesenchymal and neuronal origin, in which they are involved in the control of diverse biological processes such as proliferation...
In addition to the well documented role of cytokines in mediating tissue-level interactions, it is now clear that matrix macromolecules fulfil a complementary regulatory function. Data highlighted in the prese...
The PTEN gene is often mutated in primary human tumors and cell lines, but the low rate of somatic PTEN mutation in human breast cancer has led to debate over the role of this tumor suppressor in this disease. Th...
Key issues discussed at the breast cancer sessions of the 37th American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) meeting, 2001, included the following: breast cancer in the elderly; toxicity; updates on HER2 and us...
Conclusive research has shown that regions of acute/chronic hypoxia, which exist within the majority of solid tumours, have a profound influence on the therapeutic outcome of cancer chemotherapy and radiothera...
The accumulation of mutations is a feature of all normal cells. The probability of any individual gene in any cell acquiring a mutation is, however, low. Cancer is therefore a rare disease in comparison with t...
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage DNA, but the role of ROS in breast carcinoma may not be limited to the mutagenic activity that drives carcinoma initiation and progression. Carcinoma cells in vitro and in viv...
The microenvironmental hypoxia that arises as a consequence of the development of a solid tumour also acts to promote tumour growth. Hypoxia induces the expression of key components of the angiogenic and apopt...
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF), which is centrally involved in physiological oxygen homeostasis, is also activated in the majority of tumours. Activation of HIF can occur through genetic mechanisms or as a r...
Two recent papers provide new evidence relevant to the role of the breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA2 in DNA repair. Moynahan et al provide genetic data indicating a requirement for BRCA2 in homology-depende...
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) was first identified as a lipid kinase activity associated with the products of viral oncogenes and with activated protein-tyrosine kinases. Since those early studies, the PI3K...
E-cadherin is a cell–cell adhesion protein fulfilling a prominent role in epithelial differentiation. Data from model systems suggest that E-cadherin is a potent invasion/tumor suppressor of breast cancer. Con...
Approximately half of breast cancer patients with stage I–III disease will suffer metastatic disease despite resection with tumour-free margins. In 30–40% of these patients, individual carcinoma cells can alre...
The mammary gland undergoes morphogenesis through the entire reproductive life of mammals. In mice, ductal outgrowth from the nipple across the fat pad results in an intricate, well spaced ductal tree that fur...
Stromal–epithelial interactions modulate mammary epithelial cell (MEC) growth and apoptosis by influencing cell adhesion and tissue organization. Perturbations in the mammary stroma and cell adhesion character...
The human breast comprises three lineages: the luminal epithelial lineage, the myoepithelial lineage, and the mesenchymal lineage. It has been widely accepted that human breast neoplasia pertains only to the l...
Microarrays provide a versatile platform for utilizing information from the Human Genome Project to benefit human health. This article reviews the ways in which microarray technology may be used in breast canc...
A new gene associated with a high risk of breast cancer, termed BRCAX, may exist on chromosome 13q. Tumours from multicase Nordic breast cancer families, in which mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 had been excluded, w...
Drug resistance is a fundamental problem in the treatment of most common human cancers. Our understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying death and survival has allowed the development of rational approa...
Current therapies for breast cancer include treatments that are toxic and often result in drug resistance. Telomerase, a cellular reverse transcriptase that maintains the ends of chromosomes (telomeres), is ac...
The stromal, or 'desmoplastic', responses seen histologically in primary breast carcinomas can vary from being predominantly cellular (fibroblasts/myofibroblasts) with little collagen to being a dense acellula...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 3 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 3 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 3 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 3 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 3 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 3 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 3 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 3 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 3 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 3 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 3 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 3 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 3 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 3 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 3 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 3 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 3 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 3 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 3 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 3 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 3 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 3 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 3 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 3 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 3 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 3 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 3 Supplement 1
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