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Estrogens display intriguing tissue-selective action that is of great biomedical importance in the development of optimal therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer, for menopausal hormone ...
The development of intervention strategies for carriers of mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes has several considerations. The first are primary prevention and secondary prevention in unaffected carriers using...
Risk factors for breast cancer are related to endogenous hormonesand reproductive events. As such, traditional cancer prevention strategies arenot easily applicable. Tamoxifen and other selective estrogen rece...
The potential for a reduction in dietary fat or for an increase in dietary fiber to reduce breast cancer risk has been debated for some years. It is argued here that available research data, even though extens...
The cyclic production of estrogen and progesterone by the premenopausal ovary accounts for the steep rise in breast cancer risk in premenopausal women. These hormones are breast cell mitogens. By reducing expo...
The available results from breast cancer chemoprevention trials are reviewed. Four trials using tamoxifen have been performed, of which three have reported efficacy results. A fifth trial using raloxifene has ...
The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases. Their primary function is degradation of proteins in the extracellular matrix. Currently, at least 19 members of this family ...
Mammography is an effective screening modality for the early detection of breast cancer. The reduction in breast cancer mortality is greater for women aged over 50 at screening than for women aged under 50. Ma...
The acetyltransferase p300 was first identified associated with the adenoviral transforming protein E1A, suggesting a potential role for p300 in the regulation of cell proliferation. Direct evidence demonstrat...
New guidelines for the collection and use of human tissues for research will impose new requirements on researchers to seek ethical approval and patient consent. This extends to the use of surplus tissue, such...
The use of human tissue, and material derived from such tissue, for research purposes is currently the subject of much debate. This debate needs to address several issues, including: the principle of abandonme...
We describe here the expression pattern of the breast cell growthinhibitor Mammastatin in normal and breast cancer cells. Normal Cells (NHMC)over-express Mammastatin in low calcium media. Mammastatin has been ...
The ability of growth factors and their cognate receptors to induce mammary epithelial proliferation and differentiation is dependent on their ability to activate a number of specific signal transduction pathw...
Both the non-receptor tyrosine kinase, c-Src, and members of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor family are overexpressed in high percentages of human breast cancers. Because these molecules are plasma ...
The past decade has seen the definition of key signalling pathways downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) in terms of their components and the protein-protein interactions that facilitate signal transd...
The fibroblast growth factors [Fgfs (murine), FGFs (human)] constitute a large family of ligands that signal through a class of cell-surface tyrosine kinase receptors. Fgf signalling has been associated in vitro ...
Cross-communication between different signalling systems is critical for the integration of multiple and changing environmental influences on individual cells. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has b...
ERBB family receptor tyrosine kinases are overexpressed in a significant subset of breast cancers. One of these receptors, HER2/neu, or ErbB-2, is the target for a new rational therapeutic antibody, Herceptin. O...
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system exerts pleiotropic effects on mammalian cells. This review focuses on type I IGF receptor (IGF1R)-mediated signal transduction and its relevance in breast cancer. Up...
Both normal development and neoplastic progression involve cellular transitions from one physiological state to another. Whereas much is being discovered about signal transduction networks involved in regulati...
Cells are continuously exposed to diverse stimuli ranging from soluble endocrine and paracrine factors to signalling molecules on neighbouring cells. Receptors of the tyrosine kinase family play an important r...
The mammary epithelium undergoes cyclical periods of cellular proliferation, differentiation and regression. These processes are under the control of the hormones secreted during pregnancy, lactation and invol...
We previously reported that ductal infiltrating carcinomas (DIC) of the human breast display profound modifications of the stromal architecture, associated with anomalous collagen composition. The major altera...
The transforming growth factor (TGF)-βs are potent growth inhibitors of normal epithelial cells. In established tumor cell systems, however, the preponderant experimental evidence suggests that TGF-βs can fost...
Altered responsiveness to extracellular signals and cell cycle dysregulation are hallmarks of cancer. The cell cycle is governed by cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) that integrate mitogenic and growth inhibitor...
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a tumor suppressor, the function of which is compromised in many types of human cancer, including breast cancer. The tumor suppressive effects of TGF-β are caused by pot...
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-βs are plausible candidate tumor suppressors in the breast. They also have oncogenic activities under certain circumstances, however. Genetically altered mouse models provide p...
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 is a pluripotent cytokine that profoundly inhibits epithelial proliferation, induces apoptosis, and influences morphogenesis by mediating extracellular matrix deposition and re...
STAT transcription factors were discovered 10 years ago as mediators of interferon-induced gene expression. They now form an important group, comprising seven members, that are activated by virtually every cyt...
Inheritance of germline BRCA1 mutations is associated with a high risk of breast and ovarian cancers. A multitude of cellular functions has been ascribed to BRCA1, including transcription activation and variou...
Numerous founder mutations have been reported in BRCA1 and BRCA2. For genetic screening of a population with a founder mutation, testing can be targeted to the mutation, allowing for a more rapid and less expensi...
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 2 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 2 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 2 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 2 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 2 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 2 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 2 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 2 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 2 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 2 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 2 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 2 Supplement 1
This article is part of a Supplement: Volume 2 Supplement 1
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