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Table 7 Racial/ethnic distribution of study populations used in included studies

From: Modifiable risk factors in women at high risk of breast cancer: a systematic review

Author

Race/ethnicity data

BRCA studies

Cybulski et al. [8]

NR. Study subjects from 12 countries

Dennis et al. [6]

Ethnicity. Controls: French-Canadian 133 (6.9%), Jewish 359 (18.7%), Other 31 (1.6%), Other White 1402 (72.8%). Cases: French-Canadian 150 (7.8%), Jewish 284 (14.8%), Other 55 (2.9%), Other White 1436 (74.6%). Study subjects from 8 countries

Ghadiriani et al. [25]

NR. Study subjects from 11 countries

McGuire et al. [7]

Study subjects were non-Hispanic white women. Involved institutions from US, Canada, and Australia

Kotsopoulos et al. [44]

Ethnicity. Controls: Other white 367 (85.0%), Jewish 51 (11.8%), French-Canadian 9 (2.1%), Other 5 (1.2%). Cases: Other white 350 (81.0%), Jewish 53 (12.3%), French-Canadian 13 (3.0%), Other 16 (3.7%). Study subjects from 13 countries

Lee et al. [45]

Race and ethnic origin. Controls: White 409 (92%), African-American 35 (8%), not Ashkenazi Jewish 398 (90%), are Ashkenazi Jewish 46 (10%). Cases who are BRCA1/2 mutation carriers: White 88 (94%), African-American 6 (6%), not Ashkenazi Jewish 69 (73%), are Ashkenazi Jewish 25 (27%). Cases who are BRCA1/2 mutation noncarriers: White 1239 (90%), African-American 136 (10%), not Ashkenazi Jewish 1222 (89%), are Ashkenazi Jewish 153 (11%). Study conducted in US

Park et al. [46]

NR, but study conducted in Korea

Toss et al. [47]

NR, but study conducted in Italy

Eisen et al. [48]

Ethnicity. Controls: Other white 233 (82%), Jewish 53 (14%), French-Canadian 15 (3%), Other 2 (1%). Cases: Other white 183 (73%), Jewish 40 (17%), French-Canadian 10 (4%), Other 3 (1%). Subjects from 9 countries

Gronwald et al. [27]

NR, but study conducted in Poland

Haile et al. [49]

Eligible subjects were White non-Hispanic women. Sources from US, Canada and Australia

Heimdal et al. [50]

NR, but study conducted in Norway

Brunet et al. [26]

NR. Study conducted in North America (women resided in either Canada or US)

Ginsburg et al. [23]

NR. Study subjects from 11 countries

Grill et al. [9]

NR but study conducted in Germany

Kim et al. [37]

NR. Study subjects from 17 countries

Ko et al. [22]

NR. The study population was selected from a multicenter longitudinal cohort of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers from 80 participating centers in 17 countries including North America, Europe, Asia, the Caribbean, and Latin America

Kotsopoulos et al. [51]

NR. Study subjects from 5 countries

Lammert et al. [52]

NR. Study subjects from 17 countries

Lecarpentier et al. [40]

NR but study conducted in France

Manders et al. [53]

NR but study conducted in the Netherlands

Nkondjock et al. [10]

Participants were French-Canadian. Study conducted in Canada

Pijpe et al. [41]

NR but study conducted in the Netherlands

Qian et al. [42]

Ethnicity. BRCA1 carriers: Caucasian not otherwise specified 13,435 (91.5%). Ashkenazi Jewish 1241 (8.5%). BRCA2 carriers: Caucasian not otherwise specified 7126 (90.1%). Ashkenazi Jewish 786 (9.9%). International study with multiple countries of enrollment

Whittemore et al. [24]

Eligible subjects were non-Hispanic white women. Study subjects from US, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand

Narod et al. [54]

Ethnicity. Controls: Black 14 (1.1%), French-Canadian 97 (7.4%), Jewish 391 (29.8%), Other non-whites 6 (0.5%), Other whites 801 (61.1%), Missing 2 (0.1%). Cases: Black 28 (2.1%), French-Canadian 99 (7.6%), Jewish 414 (31.6%), Other non-whites 11 (0.8%), Other whites 754 (57.4%), Missing 5 (0.4%). Study subjects from 11 countries

Bernholtz et al. [55]

All participants were Jewish. Study conducted in Israel

Brohet et al. [43]

NR. International cohort representing many European countries and Canada

Kotsopoulos et al. [56]

Ethnicity. Controls: French-Canadian 86 (3.5%), Jewish 419 (16.8%), Other white 44 (1.8%). Cases: French-Canadian 97 (3.9%), Jewish 372 (14.9%), Other white 87 (3.5%). Study subjects from 13 countries

Schrijver et al. [38]

NR. Combined multiple international cohort studies conducted in Western countries

Lecarpentier et al. [11]

NR but study conducted in France

Kehm et al. [39]

Race and ethnicity reported by quintiles of age-adjusted baseline recreational physical activity. Q1: non-Hispanic White 2350 (75.4%), other 745 (23.9%), missing 23 (0.7%). Q2: non-Hispanic white 2451 (78.9%), other 626 (20.2%), missing 30 (1.0%). Q3: non-Hispanic white 2506 (80.5%), other 582 (18.7%), missing 27 (0.9%). Q4: non-Hispanic white 2426 (78.1%), other 652 (21.0%), missing 29 (0.9%). Q5: non-Hispanic white 2418 (77.9%), other 662 (21.3%), missing 23 (0.7%). Used data from studies from US, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand

Grandi et al. [57]

NR but study conducted in Italy

Family history of breast cancer studies

Bernstein et al. [58]

Race. Cases: White 2933 (64.6%), Black 1605 (35.4%). Controls: White 3003 (64.6%), Black 1656 (35.4%). Study conducted in US

Gong et al. [59]

All women were African-American. Study conducted in US

Hirose et al. [60]

NR, but study was conducted in Japan

Marchbanks et al. [61]

Race. Cases: white race 2953 (64.5%), black race 1622 (35.5%). Controls: white race 3021 (64.5%), black race 1661 (35.5%). Study conducted in US

Nichols et al. [62]

94.8% white (1799 cases, 7605 controls). Study conducted in US

Nyante et al. [31]

NR. Study conducted in US

Patel et al. [63]

Race. Cases: White 475 (83.4%), Black 92 (16.2%). Controls: White 364 (59.1%), Black 252 (40.9%). Study conducted in US

Reynolds et al. [32]

The cohort is predominantly non-Hispanic white (87%). Study conducted in US

Sprague et al. [64]

NR. Study conducted in US

Murray et al. [65]

Race. First-degree family history cases: White 88.1%, Hispanic 2.5%, Black 6.5%, Other 2.9%. First-degree family history controls: White 87.8%, Hispanic 1.5%, Black 8.7%, Other 2.0%. Second-degree family history cases: White: 90.0%, Hispanic: 1.3%, Black 7.5%, Other 1.3%. Second-degree family history controls: White 90.9%, Hispanic 1.9%, Black 6.4%, Other 0.9%. Study conducted in US

Newcomb et al. [66]

NR. Study conducted in US

Silvera et al. [67]

NR. Study conducted in Canada

Bardia et al. [68]

NR. Study conducted in US

Brinton et al. [30]

NR. Study conducted in US

Colditz et al. [20]

NR. Study conducted in US

Egan et al. [14]

NR. Study conducted in US

Gram et al. [33]

NR, but study conducted in Norway and Sweden

Hirose et al. [69]

NR, but study conducted in Japan

La Vecchia et al. [15]

NR, but study conducted in Italy

Magnusson et al. [70]

NR, but study conducted in Sweden

Nomura et al. [19]

NR. Study conducted in US

Peplonska et al. [71]

NR, but study conducted in Poland

Swerdlow et al. [72]

NR. Study subjects from Denmark, England and Wales, Finland, and Sweden

Ursin et al. [73]

NR. Study conducted in US

Weiderpass et al. [74]

NR, but study conducted in Norway and Sweden

UK National Case–Control Study Group [75]

NR. Study conducted in UK

Colditz et al. [21]

NR. Study conducted in US

Harris et al. [76]

NR. Study conducted in US

Lipnick et al. [77]

NR. Study conducted in US

Olsson et al. [78]

NR, but study conducted in Sweden

Paul et al. [79]

Ethnic group. Cases: Non-Maori 829, Maori 62. Controls: Non-Maori: 1774, Maori 90. Study conducted in New Zealand

Tavani et al. [80]

NR, but study conducted in Italy

No author listed (Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control) [81]

Race. Cases: White 81.7%, Black 11.8%, Other 6.5%. Controls: White 83.1%, Black 10.8%, Other 6.1%. Study conducted in US

Claus et al. [82]

Ethnicity. Cases: White 762 (87.1%), Black 57 (6.5%), Other 21 (2.4%), Missing 35 (4.0%). Controls: White 912 (91.3%), Black 54 (5.4%), Other 22 (2.2%), Missing 11 (1.1%). Study conducted in US

Rohan et al. [83]

NR. Study conducted in Australia

Lando et al. [84]

Race. White 85.4%, Black 13.8%, Other 0.8%. Study conducted in US

Nomura et al. [85]

Cases: Japanese 183, Caucasian 161. Same for hospital and neighborhood controls. Study conducted in US

Sellers et al. [86]

NR. Study conducted in US

White et al. [12]

Race/ethnicity. Low alcohol consumption: non-Hispanic white 17,181 (83.1%), other 3488 (16.9%). Medium alcohol consumption: non-Hispanic white 14,314 (89.1%), other 1744 (10.9%). High alcohol consumption: non-Hispanic white 4682 (91.1%), other 455 (8.9%). Study subjects from US or Puerto Rico

Brinton et al. [87]

Because most of the individuals participating in the BCDDP were white, the present analysis was restricted to the 405 cases of breast cancer detected among white women (91.4% of the total respondents) and to the 1,156 white controls. Study conducted in US

Religion. Cases: 10.9% Jewish. Controls: 12.9% Jewish

Carpenter et al. [88]

NR. Study conducted in US

Cerhan et al. [89]

NR. Study conducted in US

Couch et al. [29]

The initial study was restricted to Caucasian women because very few minority women were available for meaningful analysis. Study conducted in US

Dinger et al. [90]

NR but study conducted in Germany

Grabrick et al. [91]

NR. Study conducted in US

Jones et al. [28]

NR. Study conducted in the UK

Katsouyanni et al. [17]

NR but study conducted in Greece

Kim et al. [18]

NR. Study conducted in US

Niehoff et al. [92]

Race/ethnicity. < 1 h per week of physical activity: non-Hispanic white 13,601 (79.1%), non-Hispanic black 1890 (11.0%), Hispanic 1197 (7.0%), other 503 (2.9%), missing 1. 1–6 h per week of physical activity: non-Hispanic white 24,897 (85.7%), non-Hispanic black 2284 (7.9%), Hispanic 1162 (4.0%), other 697 (2.4%), missing 6. ≥ 7 h per week of physical activity: non-Hispanic white 3892 (87.7%), non-Hispanic black 274 (6.2%), Hispanic 144 (3.3%), other 126 (2.8%), missing 2. Study conducted in US and Puerto Rico

Peters et al. [93]

Race/ethnicity. White 89.9%, Black 5.5%, Hispanic 1.9%, Asian/Pacific Islander/Native American 1.5%. Study conducted in US

Sellers et al. [94]

NR. Study conducted in US

Suzuki et al. [34]

NR but study conducted in Japan

Tehard et al. [95]

NR but study conducted in France

Vachon et al. [16]

NR. Study conducted in US

Verloop et al. [96]

NR but study conducted in the Netherlands

Brinton et al. [97]

Only used white study subjects. Study conducted in US

White et al. [98]

All cases and controls were white. Study conducted in US

Ravnihar et al. [99]

NR but study conducted in Slovenia

Pesch et al. [100]

All cases and controls were of Caucasian ethnicity. Study conducted in Germany

Huang et al. [13]

NR but study conducted in Japan