Table 6 Six studies of texture features and association with breast cancer risk without AUC (sorted by year)
References | Non-mammogram covariates included (e.g., age, parity, etc.) | Established confounders for density adjusted for | Prediction horizon (< 5 year/5 year/10 year) | Risk other than AUC | Statistical methods for estimating the association between features and risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Choi et al. [28] | N/A | None | N/A | In the minimal sign group, the most common finding was normal appearing tissue (61/78), followed by benign-appearing calcification (17/78) | Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test |
Li et al. [37] | None | None | NR | OR = 1.018 (95% CI = 1.004–1.033) | t test, chi-square test, and binary logistic regression |
Ward et al. [46] | None | None | NR | There was a significant correlation between a diagnosis of cancer and nodular parenchymal pattern compared to not nodular parenchymal pattern (p = 0.043) | Pearson’s chi-squared test with Yate’s continuity correction |
Sorin et al. [41] | Adjusted for age, family history, breast density | Age | NR | The odds for breast cancer significantly increased with increased background parenchymal enhancement (OR = 2.24, 95% CI = 1.23–4.09) | Binary logistic model for generalized estimating equation |
Azam et al. [27] | Adjusted for BMI, baseline mammographic density, smoking status, alcohol consumption, age at menarche, age at first birth, number of children, breastfeeding duration, oral contraceptive use, menopausal hormone therapy use, family history of breast cancer | BMI and HRT use | NR | Each additional microcalcification cluster was associated with 20% increased risk of breast cancer (HR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.13–1.28). Women with ≥ 3 microcalcification clusters had an overall twofold increased risk of breast cancer compared to women with no clusters (HR = 2.17, 95% CI = 1.57–3.0) | Cox proportional hazard regression |
Warner et al. [47] | Adjusted for age, fasting status, time of blood draw, body mass index, menopausal status, hormone therapy use, mammography read batch and also with either percent mammographic density or automated percent density | Age, BMI, HRT use, and menopausal status | NR | V was positively associated with breast cancer risk (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.08–1.23 with percent mammographic density, 1.18, 95% CI = 1.07–1.31 with automated percent density) | Unconditional logistic regression |