Table 2 Features of mammographic breast images used to assess breast texture features in addition to mammographic breast density and breast cancer risk for 23 studies not using the contralateral breast (sorted by year)

Choi et al. [28]

Mean = 9.7 months (range 6–15 months)

NR

BIRADS

Normal appearing tissue, benign-appearing calcification, mass, calcification, architecture distortion, focal asymmetry

Human

Yes

N/A

Malkov et al. [38]

Mean = 5.1 years

Avg

Cumulus and custom software comparable to Cumulus

First- and second-order features, Fourier transform, and fractal dimension analysis

Machine

No

AUCs for each feature individually given

Tan et al. [43]

The average elapsed time between the “current” and each of “prior” #1, #2 and #3 studies was 1.16 ± 0.41, 2.30 ± 0.55 and 3.44 ± 0.72 years, respectively

Both

Computer-aided detection scheme

Mammographic density, structural similarity, and texture based image features

Machine

No

Stepwise regression analysis

Winkel et al. [49]

Average = 26 months (range 4–45 months)

Both

BIRADS

Tabár classification of parenchymal patterns

Human

Yes

N/A

Eriksson et al. [29]

Median = 1.74 years

Both

BIRADS and STRATUS

Calcifications and masses

Machine

Yes

N/A

Winkel et al. [48]

Average = 82.0 months, median = 75.5 months, range = 5 to 192 months

Both

BIRADS and Cumulus-like approach

Tabár classification of parenchymal patterns

Human

Yes

N/A

Yan et al. [50]

The interval between the prior (negative) and current (cancer detected) examinations are 410.0 ± 51.7 days for cases

Both

BIRADS

Bilateral mammographic tissue asymmetry maximum features

Machine

No

WEKA data mining and machine learning software package

Yan et al. [51]

12–36 months

Both

Mutual threshold

Asymmetry, mean and maximum features

Machine

No

WEKA data mining and machine learning software package

Gastounioti et al. [31]

Average = 1.9 years ± 0.7. Cases had negative screening mammograms at least one year prior to their diagnosis

Avg

BIRADS, LIBRA, and Quantus

Anatomically oriented texture features

Machine

No

Identified pairs of features with absolute Pearson correlation greater than 0.90 and for each pair removed the feature with the lowest variability in terms of its interquartile range. Starting from the remaining features, elastic net regression with nested cross-validation was used to build a parsimonious logistic regression model with the most discriminatory subset of covariates

Heidari et al. [32]

The time interval between the “prior” and “current” mammography screenings ranged from 12 to 18 months

Both

BIRADS

Bilateral asymmetry of mammographic tissue density distribution

Machine

No

Locally preserving projection based feature combination algorithm

Li et al. [37]

NR

Both

AutoDensity

Breast area

Machine

Yes

N/A

Schmidt et al. [40]

Melbourne: Cases were diagnosed, on average, 8 years after baseline interview (range, 3 months–16 years), and mammography was performed, on average, 2.8 years (standard deviation, 2.6 years; range, 0–14 years) after baseline. Australia: average 4 years for 32% of cases, and for the other affected women we used the mammogram from the opposite side to that in which the cancer was diagnosed. Hawaii: The mean time between the earliest mammogram and the breast cancer diagnosis was 6.3 years, while the earliest and the latest mammogram were, on average, 5.1 years apart for cases

Avg

Cumulus

Gray-level co-occurrence matrix textural features

Machine

Yes

N/A

Tagliafico et al. [42]

Cancer was detected at tomosynthesis

Avg

BIRADS

Radiomics features including skewness, energy, entropy, kurtosis, 90 percentile and dissimilarity

Machine

No

Selected to reduce the risk of over-fitting and according to features previously used to associate breast parenchymal patterns with cancer risk

Ward et al. [46]

NR

Both

Volpara

Patterns of parenchymal tissue

Human

Yes

N/A

Evans et al. [30]

Mammograms used were acquired 3 years prior to the mammograms that had revealed visible and actionable cancer

Both

Scale similar to BIRADS used

Non-localizable global gist signal

Human

Yes

N/A

Hsu et al. [34]

A false-positive biopsy recommendation was defined by the lack of cancer within 1 year of the screening examination

NR

BIRADS

Presence of lump, mass, calcification, architecture distortion, asymmetry

Human

No

Presence of lump included in final model. Mass, calcifications, architecture distortion, asymmetry examined individually with PPV values given

Kontos et al. [35]

For screening sample, within 1 year. Not specified for case–control sample

Avg

BIRADS and LIBRA

Phenotypes of mammographic parenchymal complexity based on four main types of features: histogram, co-occurrence, run-length, and structural

Machine

No

Excluded features with extremely low variation and those with extreme skewness

Abdolell et al. [25]

NR

NR

Densitas

Breast volume

Machine

Yes

N/A

Ma et al. [36]

At least 1 year later for validation

Both

BIRADS

Normalized average glandular dose

Machine

Yes

N/A

Sorin et al. [41]

Cancer cases were defined as all cancers detected at the time of contrast-enhanced spectral mammography imaging as well as cancers diagnosed during the follow-up period. Controls had at least 1-year follow-up

Both

BIRADS

Background parenchymal enhancement

Human

Yes

N/A

Azam et al. [27]

The median number of years between the last negative mammogram and the date of diagnosis was 2.8

Both

STRATUS

Microcalcification clusters

Machine

Yes

N/A

Heine et al. [33]

At least 6 months

Avg

Volpara

Variation measures

Machine

No

The two variants of V produced similar findings so only one was discussed in the results

Warner et al. [47]

Median = 4.1 years

Both

Cumulus and automated computer algorithm

Gray-scale variation

Machine

Yes

N/A