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Table 1 Patients clinicopathological characteristics in the four cohorts

From: An integrated deep learning model for the prediction of pathological complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy with serial ultrasonography in breast cancer patients: a multicentre, retrospective study

Characteristics

Training cohort (n = 242)

p-value

Internal validation cohort (n = 197)

p-value

External test cohort1 (n = 212)

p-value

External test cohort2 (n = 150)

p-value

pCR (n = 71)

NpCR (n = 171)

pCR (n = 57)

NpCR (n = 140)

pCR (n = 77)

NpCR (n = 135)

pCR (n = 38)

NpCR (n = 112)

Age

  

0.4

  

0.4

  

0.4

  

0.7

  < 40

19 (27%)

35 (20%)

 

9 (16%)

25 (18%)

 

10 (13%)

26 (19%)

 

5 (13%)

18 (16%)

 

  40–50

30 (42%)

69 (40%)

 

27 (47%)

65 (46%)

 

34 (44%)

50 (37%)

 

10 (26%)

35 (31%)

 

  > 50

22 (31%)

67 (39%)

 

21 (37%)

50 (36%)

 

33 (43%)

59 (44%)

 

23 (61%)

59 (53%)

 

Menstruation

  

0.3

  

0.6

  

0.6

  

0.069

  No

55 (77%)

122 (71%)

 

40 (70%)

101 (72%)

 

41 (53%)

67 (50%)

 

17 (45%)

69 (62%)

 

  Yes

16 (23%)

49 (29%)

 

17 (30%)

39 (28%)

 

36 (47%)

68 (50%)

 

21 (55%)

43 (38%)

 

Ki-67

  

0.4

  

0.2

  

0.2

  

0.058

  Negative

16 (23%)

48 (28%)

 

10 (18%)

43 (31%)

 

16 (21%)

38 (28%)

 

2 (5.3%)

20 (18%)

 

  Positive

55 (77%)

123 (72%)

 

47 (82%)

97 (69%)

 

61 (79%)

97 (72%)

 

36 (95%)

92 (82%)

 

ER

  

0.2

  

 < 0.001

  

 < 0.001

  

0.003

  Negative

26 (37%)

48 (28%)

 

21 (37%)

35 (25%)

 

51 (66%)

38 (28%)

 

21 (55%)

32 (29%)

 

  Positive

45 (63%)

123 (72%)

 

36 (63%)

105 (75%)

 

26 (34%)

97 (72%)

 

17 (45%)

80 (71%)

 

PR

  

0.4

  

 < 0.001

  

 < 0.001

  

 < 0.001

  Negative

22 (31%)

44 (26%)

 

17 (30%)

33 (24%)

 

58 (75%)

57 (42%)

 

31 (82%)

55 (49%)

 

  Positive

49 (69%)

127 (74%)

 

40 (70%)

107 (76%)

 

19 (25%)

78 (58%)

 

7 (18%)

57 (51%)

 

Her2

  

0.043

  

 < 0.001

  

 < 0.001

  

0.5

  Negative

34 (48%)

106 (62%)

 

31 (54%)

100 (71%)

 

23 (30%)

80 (59%)

 

21 (55%)

69 (62%)

 

  Positive

37 (52%)

65 (38%)

 

26 (46%)

40 (29%)

 

54 (70%)

55 (41%)

 

17 (45%)

43 (38%)

 

NAC protocols

  

0.3

  

0.068

  

0.068

  

0.15

  Anthracycline-based

47 (66%)

110 (64%)

 

43 (75%)

92 (66%)

 

29 (38%)

55 (41%)

 

4 (11%)

28 (25%)

 

  Taxane-based

10 (14%)

36 (21%)

 

9 (16%)

27 (19%)

 

42 (55%)

56 (41%)

 

7 (18%)

14 (12%)

 

  Anthracycline and Taxane-based

14 (20%)

25 (15%)

 

5 (8.8%)

21 (15%)

 

6 (7.8%)

24 (18%)

 

27 (71%)

70 (62%)

 

Subtype

  

0.10

  

 < 0.001

  

 < 0.001

  

0.004

  HER2(+)

37 (52%)

64 (37%)

 

26 (46%)

40 (29%)

 

54 (70%)

55 (41%)

 

17 (45%)

45 (40%)

 

Triple-negative

7 (9.9%)

19 (11%)

 

6 (11%)

17 (12%)

 

16 (21%)

17 (13%)

 

12 (32%)

13 (12%)

 

  Her2(−)&HR( +)

27 (38%)

88 (51%)

 

25 (44%)

83 (59%)

 

7 (9.1%)

63 (47%)

 

9 (24%)

54 (48%)

 

Diameter (mean ± sd)

3.438 ± 1.345

3.604 ± 1.285

0.378

3.182 ± 1.364

3.795 ± 1.272

0.064

2.121 ± 1.387

2.974 ± 2.232

 < 0.0001

1.926 ± 0.955

2.291 ± 0.963

0.056

P0-signature

− 0.16 (1.75)

− 1.37 (1.44)

 < 0.001

− 0.14 (2.60)

− 1.69 (1.89)

 < 0.001

0.59 (5.02)

− 2.73 (3.20)

 < 0.001

− 0.4 (3.4)

− 4.0 (10.3)

 < 0.001

P1-signature

− 0.09 (1.49)

− 2.95 (5.43)

 < 0.001

0.12 (2.77)

− 2.42 (4.78)

 < 0.001

0.7 (3.0)

− 3.0 (6.2)

 < 0.001

0.4 (1.3)

− 3.1 (6.5)

 < 0.001

P2-signature

0.13 (1.33)

− 2.77 (3.17)

 < 0.001

1.0 (1.6)

− 2.3 (3.9)

 < 0.001

1.8 (2.0)

− 2.8 (4.3)

 < 0.001

0.6 (1.6)

− 2.4 (3.5)

 < 0.001

Radiologist interpretation

  

0.030

  

 < 0.001

  

 < 0.001

  

 < 0.001

  NpCR

59 (83%)

158 (92%)

 

48 (84%)

128 (91%)

 

47 (61%)

118 (87%)

 

21 (55%)

112 (100%)

 

  pCR

12 (17%)

13 (7.6%)

 

9 (16%)

12 (8.6%)

 

30 (39%)

17 (13%)

 

17 (45%)

0 (0%)

 
  1. Data were mean (SD) or n (%). Chi-square (χ2) or Fisher’s exact tests were used to test whether the variable composition varied significantly between pCR and NpCR patients. A p value < 0.05 indicated that the variable distribution varied significantly between pCR and NpCR patients
  2. ER estrogen receptor, PR progesterone receptor, HER2 human epidermal growth factor receptor, NAC neoadjuvant chemotherapy, P0 Phase 0 (pretreatment), P1 Phase 1 (early-stage treatment, namely, during the first–second cycle of the neoadjuvant chemotherapy), P2 Phase 2 (posttreatment), pCR pathological complete response, NpCR non-pathological complete response