Fig. 2

Exercise intervention effects on cognitive functioning in breast cancer patients. HVLT-R, Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised; MDASI-MM, MD Anderson Symptom Inventory for multiple myeloma. Reaction Time in ms is divided by 10. ^†The treatment effect is the regression coefficient of a linear regression analysis adjusted for baseline cognitive test score, age, and endocrine therapy. Tests/questionnaires for which a higher score indicated worse performance/more symptoms were inverted [Reaction Time, Connecting the Dots (I & II), Place the Beads, Fill the Grid, and MDASI-MM (Severity and Interference)]. Therefore, a positive score indicates a beneficial effect of the intervention. ^‡Effect Sizes (ES) were calculated by dividing Beta by the pooled SD at baseline, with positive ESs meaning a beneficial effect of the intervention on a specific outcome. ESs < 0.2 indicate “no difference,” ESs between 0.2 and 0.5 indicate “small differences,” ESs between 0.5 and 0.8 indicate “medium differences,” and ESs ≥ 0.8 indicate “large differences” [50]. An ES of 0.5 or higher was considered clinically relevant [51]