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Table 3 Risk of breast cancer in men in relation to number of biological children

From: Infertility and risk of breast cancer in men: a national case–control study in England and Wales

 

Cases

No. %

 

Controls

No. %

 

Odds ratioa

(95% CI)

All subjects

P

Odds ratioa (95% CI) excluding potentially confounding conditionsb

P

Fatherhood (i.e. any children)

        

 No

383

19.2

174

10.9

1.00c

 

1.00

 

 Yes

1615

80.8

1423

89.1

0.67 (0.54–0.82)

 < 0.001

0.70 (0.56–0.88)

0.003

No. of children

        

 0

383

19.2

174

10.9

1.00

 

1.00

 

 1

296

14.8

172

10.8

0.94 (0.71–1.25)

0.69

0.97 (0.73–1.31)

0.94

 2

789

39.5

798

50.0

0.60 (0.48–0.75)

 < 0.001

0.64 (0.50–0.81)

 < 0.001

 ≥ 3

530

26.5

453

28.4

0.66 (0.52–0.84)

 < 0.001

0.69 (0.54–0.89)

0.006

Linear trend per child, including 0

    

0.85 (0.79–0.92)

 < 0.001

0.86 (0.80–0.94)

 < 0.001

Linear trend per child, excluding 0

    

0.89 (0.79–1.00)

0.04

0.89 (0.79–1.00)

0.053

Total

1998

100.0

1597

100.0

    
  1. CI, confidence interval
  2. aAdjusted for age, socio-economic status (Acorn score [20]), year of interview, marital status and geographical region of residence
  3. bExcluding 11 men with Klinefelter syndrome, 9 with potentially confounding prior cancers, 29 who were severely obese at age 20 (n = 2) or at age 40 (n = 27), and 169 with testicular diseases
  4. c i.e. odds ratio raised (1.50 (1.21–1.86); p < 0.001) for childless men, if fathers are taken as the baseline