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Table 2 Geometric means (pmol/L) and 95% CIs of serum estrogens/estrogen metabolites by current body mass index in postmenopausal control women not using menopausal hormone therapy in the Ghana Breast Health Study

From: Measured body size and serum estrogen metabolism in postmenopausal women: the Ghana Breast Health Study

 

Geometric mean (95% CI)

p-trend

%Δ

p-diff

Underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2)

Healthy weight (18.5–24.9 kg/m2)

Overweight (25.0–29.9 kg/m2)

Obese (30 + kg/m2)

N

20

193

169

154

   

Median BMI (kg/m2)

18

22

27

34

   

Estrone

144.97 (88.25–238.13)

224.99 (170.21–297.39)

318.61 (239.30–424.21)

448.63 (336.80–597.58)

 < 0.0001

99.4

 < 0.0001

 Unconjugated

41.70 (32.20–54.00)

50.89 (43.47–59.59)

64.64 (54.90–76.12)

78.90 (66.57–93.53)

 < 0.0001

55.0

 < 0.0001

 Conjugated

93.85 (50.12–175.77)

165.03 (117.93–230.94)

251.15 (178.34–353.68)

366.55 (260.70–515.40)

 < 0.0001

122.1

 < 0.0001

Estradiol

16.77 (10.73–26.23)

19.68 (14.73–26.31)

29.63 (21.93–40.02)

41.81 (31.07–56.27)

 < 0.0001

112.4

 < 0.0001

 Unconjugated

11.50 (8.05–16.42)

13.26 (10.37–16.95)

19.80 (15.25–25.71)

27.83 (21.47–36.07)

 < 0.0001

109.9

 < 0.0001

 Conjugated

2.24 (0.83–6.03)

3.32 (1.65–6.67)

5.02 (2.50–10.08)

7.32 (3.67–14.59)

 < 0.0001

120.4

 < 0.0001

2-Hydroxyestrone

45.44 (37.43–55.16)

51.36 (45.24–58.31)

53.48 (46.66–61.30)

58.42 (51.15–66.73)

0.01

13.7

0.03

2-Hydroxyestradiol

12.35 (8.23–18.53)

9.38 (7.04–12.51)

8.39 (6.22–11.31)

8.50 (6.37–11.36)

0.06

− 9.4

0.24

2-Methoxyestrone

19.75 (14.41–27.06)

21.17 (17.44–25.70)

21.43 (17.55–26.17)

23.20 (18.91–28.46)

0.15

9.6

0.20

 Unconjugated

8.54 (5.90–12.36)

8.56 (6.84–10.71)

9.07 (7.22–11.40)

8.42 (6.68–10.62)

0.93

− 1.6

0.84

 Conjugated

8.67 (5.29–14.21)

9.57 (7.26–12.60)

9.94 (7.58–13.02)

12.75 (9.61–16.92)

0.02

33.3

0.02

2-Methoxyestradiol

10.55 (7.23–15.38)

12.92 (10.00–16.68)

12.82 (10.01–16.42)

13.17 (10.18–17.03)

0.44

1.9

0.78

 Unconjugated

2.88 (2.02–4.11)

2.86 (2.27–3.60)

2.89 (2.27–3.68)

2.94 (2.32–3.73)

0.65

3.0

0.62

 Conjugated

6.39 (3.61–11.29)

9.09 (6.33–13.04)

8.36 (5.88–11.89)

8.89 (6.22–12.70)

0.76

− 2.2

0.83

2-Hydroxyestrone-3-methyl ether

3.52 (2.56–4.83)

3.68 (2.97–4.58)

3.69 (2.96–4.60)

3.79 (3.06–4.71)

0.61

3.0

0.69

4-Hydroxyestrone

6.29 (4.35–9.09)

6.62 (4.76–9.21)

7.13 (5.16–9.84)

8.36 (6.06–11.52)

0.004

26.3

0.007

4-Methoxyestrone

3.95 (2.96–5.27)

3.58 (2.87–4.46)

3.62 (2.89–4.54)

3.60 (2.89–4.47)

0.85

0.5

0.94

4-Methoxyestradiol

1.48 (1.04–2.11)

1.54 (1.24–1.92)

1.45 (1.18–1.78)

1.58 (1.28–1.97)

0.73

2.6

0.71

16α-Hydroxyestrone

23.04 (14.78–35.90)

29.08 (20.92–40.42)

37.98 (27.19–53.04)

50.14 (36.11–69.62)

 < 0.0001

72.4

 < 0.0001

Estriol

82.19 (58.33–115.80)

82.48 (65.95–103.16)

95.37 (75.16–121.02)

105.42 (83.45–133.17)

0.001

27.8

0.002

 Unconjugated

9.28 (7.62–11.29)

9.43 (8.38–10.62)

10.05 (8.97–11.27)

9.21 (8.21–10.33)

0.78

− 2.4

0.56

 Conjugated

70.77 (47.79–104.79)

70.06 (54.67–89.77)

82.52 (63.50–107.24)

94.71 (73.17–122.60)

0.0006

35.2

0.0007

16-Ketoestradiol

11.97 (8.87–16.16)

17.24 (13.76–21.59)

19.72 (15.58–24.97)

27.89 (22.13–35.14)

 < 0.0001

61.8

 < 0.0001

16-Epiestriol

17.41 (11.22–27.02)

16.63 (13.07–21.16)

18.96 (14.91–24.09)

20.47 (16.06–26.08)

0.011

23.0

0.008

17-Epiestriol

28.50 (19.39–41.90)

25.07 (18.83–33.38)

26.02 (19.77–34.26)

27.13 (20.51–35.88)

0.44

8.2

0.27

  1. Geometric means adjusted for age at blood draw (continuous), blood draw year (2013, 2014, 2015), smoking status (never, former, current, missing), diabetes (yes, no, missing), time since menopause (≤ 2, 3–5, 6–10, > 10, missing), ever used oral contraceptives (yes, no, missing)
  2. p-trend was estimated using the Wald test for ordinal BMI category
  3. %Δ indicates the percentage change in estrogen/estrogen metabolite levels, comparing women with current BMI ≥ 30 vs. 18.5–24.9 kg/m2, and was estimated by taking the ratio of the geometric mean difference in estrogen/estrogen metabolite levels between women with current BMI ≥ 30 vs. 18.5–24.9 kg/m2 to the geometric mean of women with current BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2, multiplied by 100
  4. p-diff was estimated using the Wald test and indicates a p-value comparing estrogen/estrogen metabolite levels of women with current BMI ≥ 30 vs. 18.5–24.9 kg/m2
  5. Bold p-values represent FDR q-value ≤ 0.05