Table 5 Summary of existing studies reporting associations between background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) and breast cancer

Arasu^a et al. [16, 29]

129 (invasive)

47 (DCIS)

4071 (cancer-free)

No

N/A^a

HR 3.0^b (1.3–7.1)

HR 2.6^b (1.4–4.6)

HR 2.3^b (1.5–3.4)

Grimm et al. [17]

43 (invasive)

18 (DCIS)

122 (cancer-free)

Yes

No

OR 2.5^b (1.3–4.8)

Melsaether et al. [20]

81 (invasive)

35 (DCIS)

116 (cancer-free)

Yes

No

2 readers at 3 time points (range: OR 1.0 to 7.7)^,e

Bennani-Baiti et al. [18]

353 (invasive)

187 (benign)

Yes

No

OR 1.2^d (0.5–3.3)

Telegrafo et al. [19]

78 (invasive)

52 (benign) 50 (negative)

Yes

No

Dontchos et al.

12 (invasive)

11 (DCIS)

23 (cancer-free)

Yes

No

OR 9.0^b (1.1–71.0)

Albert et al. [21]

294 (invasive)

104 (in situ)

72 (cancer-free)

Yes

No

^f

^f

King et al. [14]

25 (invasive)

14 (DCIS)

78 (cancer-free)

No

No

OR 2.2^c (0.4–11.6)

OR 4.1^c (1.3–13.2)

OR 3.3^c (1.3–8.3)