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Table 3 Associations between PM2.5 components and gaseous pollutants and terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU) counts

From: Outdoor air pollution and terminal duct lobular involution of the normal breast

 

All women

Premenopausal

Postmenopausal

N

RRa,b (95% CI)

N

RRa,b (95% CI)

N

RRa,b (95% CI)

PM2.5 components (μg/m3)

SO4

  Quartile 1

446

Ref.

323

Ref.

121

Ref.

  Quartile 2

526

1.20 (1.02, 1.40)

367

1.23 (1.02, 1.47)

158

1.13 (0.82, 1.54)

  Quartile 3

465

0.98 (0.84, 1.15)

303

0.99 (0.82, 1.20)

160

0.99 (0.72, 1.36)

  Quartile 4

467

1.10 (0.93, 1.29)

329

1.14 (0.94, 1.37)

135

1.01 (0.72, 1.44)

  IQR increasec

1,904

1.04 (0.99, 1.08)

1,322

1.04 (0.99, 1.08)

574

1.05 (0.96, 1.14)

NO3

  Quartile 1

476

Ref.

319

Ref.

153

Ref.

  Quartile 2

444

1.00 (0.85, 1.17)

318

0.95 (0.79, 1.14)

122

1.19 (0.85, 1.68)

  Quartile 3

512

1.05 (0.90, 1.23)

354

1.00 (0.83, 1.20)

155

1.26 (0.91, 1.74)

  Quartile 4

476

1.08 (0.92, 1.27)

331

1.04 (0.86, 1.25)

144

1.28 (0.92, 1.77)

  IQR increasec

1,904

1.03 (0.98, 1.09)

1,322

1.01 (0.96, 1.08)

574

1.10 (0.99, 1.23)

NH4

  Quartile 1

478

Ref.

311

Ref.

163

Ref.

  Quartile 2

467

1.08 (0.92, 1.27)

345

1.02 (0.84, 1.22)

121

1.29 (0.92, 1.79)

  Quartile 3

551

0.97 (0.82, 1.14)

293

0.94 (0.78, 1.14)

155

1.09 (0.79, 1.50)

  Quartile 4

508

1.07 (0.91, 1.25)

373

1.00 (0.83, 1.20)

135

1.39 (1.01, 1.91)

  IQR increasec

1,904

1.05 (0.99, 1.11)

1,322

1.03 (0.96, 1.10)

574

1.15 (1.02, 1.30)

EC

  Quartile 1

474

Ref.

348

Ref.

125

Ref.

  Quartile 2

507

1.23 (1.05, 1.44)

359

1.27 (1.07, 1.52)

143

1.08 (0.77, 1.50)

  Quartile 3

406

1.02 (0.85, 1.21)

260

1.03 (0.84, 1.26)

144

1.01 (0.72, 1.40)

  Quartile 4

517

1.11 (0.94, 1.30)

355

1.10 (0.92, 1.32)

162

1.17 (0.85, 1.61)

  IQR increasec

1,904

1.05 (0.95, 1.15)

1,322

1.04 (0.94, 1.16)

574

1.09 (0.91, 1.31)

OC

  Quartile 1

477

Ref.

341

Ref.

134

Ref.

  Quartile 2

499

1.11 (0.95, 1.30)

361

1.13 (0.95, 1.36)

136

1.07 (0.77, 1.48)

  Quartile 3

424

1.12 (0.95, 1.32)

272

1.18 (0.97, 1.43)

150

0.99 (0.71, 1.36)

  Quartile 4

504

1.02 (0.87, 1.20)

348

1.03 (0.86, 1.24)

154

1.03 (0.75, 1.41)

  IQR increasec

1,904

1.01 (0.91, 1.11)

1,322

1.01 (0.90, 1.13)

574

1.05 (0.85, 1.29)

Gaseous pollutants (ppb)

CO

  Quartile 1

474

Ref.

342

Ref.

131

Ref.

  Quartile 2

510

1.18 (1.01, 1.39)

354

1.24 (1.03, 1.48)

152

1.00 (0.72, 1.39)

  Quartile 3

459

1.09 (0.93, 1.29)

317

1.15 (0.95, 1.38)

141

0.94 (0.68, 1.31)

  Quartile 4

561

1.08 (0.91, 1.27)

309

1.06 (0.88, 1.29)

150

1.11 (0.81, 1.52)

  IQR increasec

1,904

1.01 (0.92, 1.11)

1,322

1.01 (0.90, 1.12)

574

1.06 (0.87, 1.28)

NO

  Quartile 1

479

Ref.

350

Ref.

126

Ref.

  Quartile 2

471

1.21 (1.03, 1.41)

336

1.22 (1.02, 1.46)

132

1.12 (0.79, 1.57)

  Quartile 3

428

1.03 (0.87, 1.22)

274

1.06 (0.87, 1.29)

152

1.00 (0.73, 1.37)

  Quartile 4

526

1.08 (0.92, 1.27)

362

1.07 (0.89, 1.28)

164

1.17 (0.85, 1.60)

  IQR increasec

1,904

1.02 (0.94, 1.12)

1,322

1.02 (0.92, 1.12)

574

1.08 (0.91, 1.29)

NO2

  Quartile 1

474

Ref.

344

Ref.

129

Ref.

  Quartile 2

480

1.23 (1.05, 1.44)

339

1.28 (1.07, 1.54)

137

1.02 (0.73, 1.43)

  Quartile 3

491

1.05 (0.89, 1.24)

327

1.08 (0.89, 1.30)

161

1.00 (0.73, 1.37)

  Quartile 4

459

1.12 (0.95, 1.33)

312

1.13 (0.94, 1.37)

147

1.11 (0.80, 1.54)

  IQR increasec

1,904

1.03 (0.95, 1.13)

1,322

1.03 (0.93, 1.14)

574

1.07 (0.90, 1.26)

SO2

  Quartile 1

470

Ref.

323

Ref.

146

Ref.

  Quartile 2

435

1.20 (1.02, 1.41)

309

1.24 (1.02, 1.49)

124

1.02 (0.73, 1.42)

  Quartile 3

528

1.05 (0.90, 1.22)

355

1.02 (0.85, 1.22)

171

1.14 (0.84, 1.54)

  Quartile 4

471

1.04 (0.89, 1.23)

335

1.07 (0.88, 1.29)

133

0.97 (0.71, 1.34)

  IQR increasec

1,904

1.01 (0.94, 1.07)

1,322

1.00 (0.93, 1.08)

574

1.05 (0.92, 1.20)

  1. PM2.5 component (μg/m3) and gaseous pollutant concentrations (ppb) were estimated from “raw” CMAQ data
  2. aAdjusted for age, smoking status, education, race/ethnicity, BMI, and percent of fat on the slide
  3. bFrom a zero-inflated negative binomial regression model. Zero model based on same covariates as main model
  4. cIQR increase: SO4 = 0.1 μg/m3, NO3 = 0.3 μg/m3, NH4 = 0.1 μg/m3, EC = 0.8 μg/m3, OC = 0.8 μg/m3, CO = 85.6 ppb, NO = 5.0 ppb, NO2 = 7.1 ppb, SO2 = 0.8 ppb