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Fig. 8 | Breast Cancer Research

Fig. 8

From: Insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling in breast tumor epithelium protects cells from endoplasmic reticulum stress and regulates the tumor microenvironment

Fig. 8

Model for insulin-like growth factortype 1 receptor (IGF-1R) regulation of primary tumor cellular stress and enhancement of an aggressive tumor microenvironment. Reduced or inhibited IGF-1R function results in increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and primary tumor epithelial endoplasmic reticulum (EnR) stress leading to increased production of IL-6 and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) by the primary tumor epithelium. Secretion of IL-6 and CCL2 signals for monocyte infiltration and differentiation to tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). This differentiation increases MMP expression and secretion resulting in active tumor basement membrane breakdown allowing for increased collagen deposition to provide an environment for tumor cell extravasation

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Breast Cancer Research

ISSN: 1465-542X

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