| |
Baseline
|
Post-intervention
|
3-month follow-up
|
Between-group difference post-intervention
|
|---|
|
Mean (SD)
|
Mean (SD)
|
P valuea
|
Mean (SD)
|
P valueb
|
Mean (95% CI)
|
P valuec
|
|---|
|
Calcium (mg/dL)
|
|
Exercise
|
10.3 (2.6)
|
13.7 (1.9)
|
0.09
|
13.4 (1.7)
|
0.10
|
3.4 (5.0 to 1.6)
|
0.10
|
|
Usual care
|
10.5 (2.5)
|
9.9 (2.6)
|
0.67
|
–
|
–
|
|
25(OH)D (ng/dL)
|
|
Exercise
|
21.7 (4.4)
|
27.8 (6.7)
|
0.09
|
27.4 (6.5)
|
0.09
|
6.1 (9.8 to 4.3)
|
0.10
|
|
Usual care
|
21.5 (4.1)
|
20.9 (4.0)
|
0.57
|
–
|
–
|
|
Osteocalcin (ng/mL)
|
|
Exercise
|
12.1 (3.1)
|
15.0 (4.1)
|
0.01
|
14.7 (3.5)
|
0.01
|
3.1 (5.6 to 1.5)
|
0.01
|
|
Usual care
|
12.3 (3.4)
|
12.0 (3.0)
|
0.61
|
–
|
–
|
|
BSAP (ng/mL)
|
|
Exercise
|
16.1 (4.6)
|
18.0 (5.0)
|
0.01
|
17.7 (4.6)
|
0.01
|
1.9 (2.4 to 0.55)
|
0.001
|
|
Usual care
|
16.2 (4.3)
|
15.9 (4.2)
|
0.55
|
–
|
–
|
|
CTX (ng/mL)
|
|
Exercise
|
0.48 (0.1)
|
0.44 (0.2)
|
0.07
|
0.44 (0.2)
|
0.07
|
−0.04 (−0.10 to −0.06)
|
0.10
|
|
Usual care
|
0.47 (0.1)
|
0.48 (0.2)
|
0.74
|
–
|
–
|
|
NTX (nM BCE/L)
|
|
Exercise
|
18.6 (3.1)
|
17.7 (2.8)
|
0.10
|
17.8 (2.7)
|
0.11
|
−0.90 (−1.1 to − 0.6)
|
0.12
|
|
Usual care
|
18.4 (2.7)
|
18.3 (2.5)
|
0.67
|
–
|
–
|
|
RANK (pg/mL)
|
|
Exercise
|
27.4 (6.8)
|
26.7 (6.4)
|
0.14
|
26.6 (6.1)
|
0.14
|
−0.70 (−0.9 to − 0.4)
|
0.20
|
|
Usual care
|
26.9 (6.6)
|
26.4 (6.5)
|
0.34
|
–
|
–
|
|
RANKL (pmol/L)
|
|
Exercise
|
142.5 (18.9)
|
146.1 (16.1)
|
0.09
|
145.7 (16.2)
|
0.09
|
3.6 (5.1 to 1.2)
|
0.14
|
|
Usual care
|
139.8 (18.1)
|
148.8 (18.9)
|
0.47
|
–
|
–
|
|
Whole body BMD (g/cm2)
|
|
Exercise
|
1.22 (0.1)
|
1.27 (0.1)
|
0.15
|
1.26 (0.1)
|
0.16
|
0.05 (0.04 to 0.02)
|
0.15
|
|
Usual care
|
1.20 (0.1)
|
1.19 (0.1)
|
0.29
|
–
|
–
|
|
Lumbar spine BMD (g/cm2)
|
|
Exercise
|
1.16 (0.09)
|
1.20 (0.09)
|
0.09
|
1.20 (0.1)
|
0.09
|
0.04 (0.03 to 0.01)
|
0.10
|
|
Usual care
|
1.15 (0.09)
|
1.14 (0.09)
|
0.57
|
–
|
–
|
|
Total hip BMD (g/cm2)
|
|
Exercise
|
0.91 (0.09)
|
0.94 (0.09)
|
0.17
|
0.94 (0.09)
|
0.17
|
0.03 (0.03 to 0.00)
|
0.18
|
|
Usual care
|
0.90 (0.09)
|
0.89 (0.08)
|
0.23
|
–
|
–
|
|
Trochanter BMD (g/cm2)
|
|
Exercise
|
0.72 (0.07)
|
0.74 (0.07)
|
0.18
|
0.74 (0.07)
|
0.20
|
0.02 (0.03 to 0.00)
|
0.22
|
|
Usual care
|
0.71 (0.06)
|
0.70 (0.06)
|
0.43
|
–
|
–
|
|
Femoral neck BMD (g/cm2)
|
|
Exercise
|
0.88 (0.1)
|
0.90 (0.1)
|
0.21
|
0.88 (0.7)
|
0.24
|
0.02 (0.03 to 0.00)
|
0.21
|
|
Usual care
|
0.87 (0.1)
|
0.86 (0.1)
|
0.23
|
–
|
–
|
- Abbreviations: SD standard deviation, CI confidence interval, BMD bone mineral density, RANK receptor activator factor-kappa B, RANKL receptor activator factor-kappa B ligand
- aP value for repeated measures ANOVA comparing changes in the exercise group from baseline to post-intervention, and in the usual care group from baseline to post-intervention
- bP value for repeated measures ANOVA comparing changes in the exercise group from baseline to 3-month follow-up
- cP value for mixed model analysis comparing changes between the exercise and usual care group from baseline to post-intervention
