Effect of exercise and/or reduced calorie dietary interventions on breast cancer-related endogenous sex hormones in healthy postmenopausal women

de Roon, Martijn; May, Anne M.; McTiernan, Anne; Scholten, Rob J. P. M.; Peeters, Petra H. M.; Friedenreich, Christine M.; Monninkhof, Evelyn M.

doi:10.1186/s13058-018-1009-8

Table 3 Effect of the interventions on body weight and on serum sex hormones levels

From: Effect of exercise and/or reduced calorie dietary interventions on breast cancer-related endogenous sex hormones in healthy postmenopausal women

Name, duration	Baseline value^a	Postintervention^a	Within-group difference (%)	Between-group difference^b	Between-group difference^b
Weight (kg) or BMI^c
SHAPE-2 [18], 2015, 16 weeks
Exercise + diet (Ex+WL)	80.4	74.9	−5.5	−5.58 (−6.32 to −4.84)	Ex+WL vs WL
Reduced calorie diet (WL)	80.3	75.4	−4.9	− 4.95 (−5.69 to −4.21)	−0.63 (−1.23 to −0.04)
Control	80.4	80.4	0.1	Referent
NEW trial [17], 2012, 12 months
Exercise + diet	82.5	72.7	−9.8	P < 0.001	Ex+WL vs WL, P = 0.1
Exercise	83.7	80.9	−2.8	P = 0.02	Ex+WL vs Ex, P < 0.001
Reduced calorie diet	84.0	74.9	−9.1	P < 0.001	Ex vs WL, P < 0.001
Control	84.2	83.7	−0.5	Referent
ALPHA trial [24], 2010, 12 months
Exercise			−2.3	−1.80 (−2.60 to −1.00)
Control			−0.5	Referent
SHAPE-1 [3], 2009, 12 months
Exercise	73.6	72.2	−1.4	N/A
Control	74.8	74.0	−0.8
Orsatti et al. [25], 2008, BMI, 16 weeks
Exercise	28.8^c	29.6^c	0.6^c	P = 0.57
Control	27.6^c	27.1^c	−0.5^c	Referent
PATH trial [22, 23], 2004, 12 months
Exercise	81.6	80.3	−1.6	P = 0.1
Control	81.7	81.8	0.1	Referent
Total estradiol (pg/ml)
SHAPE-2 [18], 2015
Exercise + diet	3.69	3.22	−12.7	0.83 (0.73–0.95)	Ex+WL vs WL
Reduced calorie diet	4.20	3.62	−13.8	0.86 (0.75–0.98)	0.97 (0.87–1.08)
Control	3.89	4.01	3.11	Referent
NEW trial [17], 2012
Exercise + diet	11.5	9.2	−20.3	P < 0.001	Ex+WL vs WL, P = 0.07
Exercise	11.5	11.0	−4.9	P = 0.1	Ex+WL vs Ex, P < 0.001
Reduced calorie diet	11.6	9.7	−16.2	P < 0.001	Ex vs WL, P = 0.002
Control	10.9	11.4	4.9	Referent
ALPHA trial [24], 2010
Exercise	10.1	8.7		0.93 (0.88–0.98)
Control	10.2	9.9		Referent
SHAPE-1 [3], 2009
Exercise	8.8	8.1	−7.3	0.99 (0.95–1.02)
Control	9.8	8.8	−10.2	Referent
Orsatti et al. [25], 2008
Exercise	21.5	23.2		P = 0.56
Control	25.1	27.4		Referent
PATH trial [22, 23], 2004
Exercise	18.3	17.5	−4.4	P = 0.32
Control	17.9	17.8	−0.6	Referent
Estrone (pg/ml)
SHAPE-2 [18], 2015
Exercise + diet	19.9	18.5	−6.67	0.92 (0.82:1.02)	Ex+WL vs WL
Reduced calorie diet	20.4	20.1	−1.26	0.98 (0.88:1.08)	0.94 (0.86:1.02)
Control	20.1	20.4	3.11	Referent
NEW trial [17], 2012
Exercise + diet	33.9	30.2	−11.1	P < 0.001	Ex+WL vs WL, P = 0.17
Exercise	34.8	32.9	−5.5	P < 0.01	Ex+WL vs Ex, P = 0.1
Reduced calorie diet	35.2	31.8	−9.6	P < 0.001	Ex vs WL, P = 0.3
Control	32.0	34.6	8.1	Referent
ALPHA trial [24], 2010	31.4	29.4
Exercise	31.3	30.6		0.99 (0.94–1.03)
Control				Referent
SHAPE-1 [3], 2009
Exercise	30.6	27.6	−9.7	0.97 (0.92–1.04)
Control	28.0	27.3	−3.4	Referent
PATH trial [22, 23], 2004
Exercise	44.2	42.5	−1.8	P = 0.13
Control	43.9	45.4	3.9	Referent
Free estradiol (pg/ml)
SHAPE-2 [18], 2015
Exercise + diet	0.09	0.07	−19.1	0.77 (0.67–0.88)	Ex+WL vs WL
Reduced calorie diet	0.10	0.08	−17.7	0.80 (0.70–0.92)	0.96 (0.85–1.02)
Control	0.09	0.10	3.23	Referent
NEW trial [17], 2012
Exercise + diet	0.32	0.23	−26	P < 0.001	Ex+WL vs WL, P = 0.06
Exercise	0.30	0.29	−4.7	P = 0.08	Ex+WL vs Ex, P < 0.001
Reduced calorie diet	0.31	0.24	−21.4	P < 0.001	Ex vs WL, P < 0 .001
Control	0.30	0.33	6.3	Referent
ALPHA trial [24], 2010
Exercise	0.24	0.21		0.91 (0.87–0.96)
Control	0.25	0.24		Referent
SHAPE-1 [3], 2009
Exercise	0.22	0.21	−7.3	1.00 (0.96–1.04)
Control	0.25	0.23	−10.2	Referent
PATH trial [22, 23], 2004
Exercise	0.49	0.46	−6.2	P = 0.2
Control	0.47	0.47	0.0	Referent
Testosterone (pg/ml)
SHAPE-2 [18], 2015
Exercise + diet	186	172	−7.63	0.96 (0.87–1.05)	Ex+WL vs WL
Reduced calorie diet	197	189	−3.76	1.01 (0.92–1.10)	0.95 (0.88–1.02))
Control	194	186	4.07	Referent
NEW trial [17], 2012
Exercise + diet	239	225	−5.9	P = 0.02	Ex+WL vs WL, P = 0.07
Exercise	248	236	−4.9	P = 0.24	Ex+WL vs Ex, P = 0.24
Reduced calorie diet	239	236	−0.9	P = 0.4	Ex vs WL, P = 0.67
Control	228	232	1.8	Referent
ALPHA trial [24], 2010
Exercise	239	234		0.99 (0.95–1.03)
Control	231	237		Referent
SHAPE-1 [3], 2009
Exercise	528	507	−4.0	0.98 (0.94–1.01)
Control	535	526	−1.6	Referent
PATH trial [22, 23], 2004
Exercise	211	208		P = 0.94
Control	223	218		Referent
Androstenedione (pg/ml)
SHAPE-2 [18], 2015
Exercise + diet	573	488	−14.7	0.87 (0.76–1.00)	Ex+WL vs WL
Reduced calorie diet	562	537	−4.5	0.97 (0.85–1.12)	0.90 (0.80–1.01)
Control	575	560	−2.6	Referent
NEW trial [17], 2012
Exercise + diet	526	508	−3.5	P = 0.22	Ex+WL vs WL, P = 0.26
Exercise	502	496	−1.2	P = 0.75	Ex+WL vs Ex, P = 0.25
Reduced calorie diet	511	518	1.4	P = 0.83	Ex vs WL, P = 0.93
Control	487	494	1.5	Referent
ALPHA trial [24], 2010
Exercise	578	572		0.98 (0.93–1.03)
Control	553	577		Referent
SHAPE-1 [3], 2009
Exercise	1146	1115	−2.7	0.97 (0.93–1.01)
Control	1172	1199	2.3	Referent
PATH trial [22, 23], 2004
Exercise	533	480		P = 0.89
Control	585	525		Referent
Free testosterone (pg/ml)
SHAPE-2 [18], 2015
Exercise + diet	2.44	2.01	−17.7	0.84 (0.76–0.93)	Ex+WL vs WL
Reduced calorie diet	2.53	2.25	−11.2	0.91 (0.83–1.01)	0.92 (0.85–0.99)
Control	2.71	2.61	−3.9	Referent
NEW trial [17], 2012
Exercise + diet	5.3	4.5	−15.6	P < 0.001	Ex+WL vs WL, P = 0.02
Exercise	5.1	4.9	−4.5	P = 0.2	Ex+WL vs Ex, P < 0.001
Reduced calorie diet	5.1	4.6	−10.0	P < 0.001	Ex vs WL, P = 0.02
Control	4.9	5.1	2.6	Referent
ALPHA trial [24], 2010
Exercise	3.5	3.3		0.96 (0.92–1.01)
Control	3.5	3.5		Referent
SHAPE-1 [3], 2009
Exercise	8.7	8.5	−2.9	0.99 (0.95–1.03)
Control	8.7	8.5	−1.8	Referent
PATH trial [22, 23], 2004
Exercise	4.6	4.3		P = 0.42
Control	4.7	4.6		Referent
SHBG (nmol/l)
SHAPE-2 [18], 2015
Exercise + diet	49.3	58.6	19.0	1.21 (1.12–1.30)	Ex+WL vs WL
Reduced calorie diet	50.7	57.1	12.6	1.14 (1.07–1.23)	1.05 (1.00–1.12)
Control	44.2	44.0	−0.30	Referent
NEW trial [17], 2012
Exercise + diet	34.1	42.9	25.8	P < 0.001	Ex+WL vs WL, P = 0.41
Exercise	39.1	38.8	0.7	P = 0.41	Ex+WL, vs Ex P < 0.001
Reduced calorie diet	35.8	43.8	22.4	P < 0.001	Ex vs WL, P < 0.001
Control	34.7	33.7	−2.7	Referent
ALPHA trial [24], 2010
Exercise	40.3	41.9		1.04 (1.02–1.07)
Control	38.1	38.4		Referent
SHAPE-1 [3], 2009
Exercise	33.9	33.6	−0.7	0.98 (0.92–1.04)
Control	34.7	33.6	−3.3	Referent
PATH trial [22, 23], 2004
Exercise	35.2	38.3	8.8	P = 0.10
Control	35.8	36.7	2.5	Referent

ALPHA Alberta Physical Activity and Breast Cancer, NEW Nutrition and Exercise for Woman, PATH Physical Activity for Total Health, SHAPE Sex Hormone and Physical Exercise, SHBG sex hormone binding globulin
^aGeometric means reported
^bValues are given as either treatment effect ratios (95% confidence intervals) or as P values
^cBody mass index (BMI) was reported when bodyweight was not available

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