Intermittent energy restriction induces changes in breast gene expression and systemic metabolism

Breast Cancer Research

Table 3 Main metabolite changes with intermittent energy restriction (IER), on gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) in serum and GCMS in urine with IER (n = 23)

Metabolite	Global change TP1 ➔ TP2	Global change TP1 ➔ TP3	Global change TP2 ➔ TP3
GCMS serum
Fat oxidation and ketogenesis
Butanoic acid/butyric acid	Up	NS	Down
3-Hydroxybutyric acid	Up	NS	Down
Glycerol	Up	NS	Down
Hexadecanoic acid	Up	NS	Down
Linoleic acid	Up		Down
Amino acids
Tyramine (tyrosine metabolite)	Down	Down	NS
Glutamic acid	Down	Down	NS
p-Hydroxyphenyllactic acid	NS	Down	NS
GCMS urine
Amino acids
Tyrosine	Down	Down	NS
Alanine	Down	NS	NS
TCA metabolites
Succinic acid	Up	NS	NS
Aconitic acid	Up	NS	NS
Myokine or muscle breakdown product
Beta-aminoisobutyric acid	Up	NS	NS

TP1 time point 1 (baseline), TP2 after four to five weeks of the diet immediately after the two restricted days, TP3 after four to five weeks of the diet after five days of normal eating, NS no significant change

ISSN: 1465-542X