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Table 1 Pairwise changes in body composition, hormones and lipids with intermittent energy restriction (IER) (n = 23 women)

From: Intermittent energy restriction induces changes in breast gene expression and systemic metabolism

 

TP1a

TP2a

P 1

TP3a

P 2

P 3

Weight, kg

76.3 (9.1)

73.0 (9.1)

<0.001

73.1 (9.4)

<0.001

0.019

Body fat, kg

27.9 (5.5)

25.8 (5.7)

<0.001

25.4 (5.4)

<0.001

0.080

Body fat, %

36.7 (3.9)

35.5 (4.4)

<0.001

34.8 (4.4)

<0.001

0.007

Fat-free mass, kg

47.8 (4.8)

46.3 (4.7)

<0.001

47.1 (4.9)

0.002

0.001

Waist, cm

95.6 (6.5)

92.0 (7.5)

<0.001

-

-

-

Hips, cm

108.1 (5.9)

105.3 (6.1)

<0.001

-

-

-

Bust, cm

100.6 (7.5)

97.7 (7.5)

<0.001

-

-

-

Glucose, mmol/L

4.9 (0.4)

4.7 (0.3)

0.022

4.8 (0.5)

0.2

0.654

Insulin, mU/ml

8.2 (3.3–24.1)b

5.5 (2.2–17.1)b

<0.001

7.2 (2.7–16.4)b

 

0.030

HOMA, mU/mmol/l

1.8 (0.7–5.2)b

1.2 (0.5–3.9)b

<0.001

1.5 (0.6–3.4)b

0.04

0.036

Cholesterol, mmol/L

5.2 (0.7)

4.6 (0.7)

<0.001

4.5 (0.8)

<0.001

0.096

Triglycerides, mmol/L

1.0 (0.5–2.7)b

0.8 (0.5–1.8)b

0.007

0.9 (0.5–1.9)b

0.061

0.150

HDL, cholesterol mmol/L

1.4 (0.3)

1.3 (0.3)

<0.001

1.3 (0.2)

0.001

0.623

LDL, cholesterol mmol/L

3.3 (0.6)

3.0 (0.7)

0.001

2.8 (0.7)

<0.001

0.020

  1. a Mean (+SD) or b geometric mean (range) for values. Mean (SD) TP1 time point 1 at baseline, TP2 time point 2 after four to five weeks of the diet immediately after the two restricted days, TP3 time point 3 after four to five weeks of the diet after five days of ‘normal’ diet. P 1 paired t test comparing TP1 to TP2. P 2 paired t test comparing TP1 to TP3. P 3 paired t test comparing TP2 to TP3, HOMA homeostatic model assessment, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein.