Coffee and tea consumption and risk of pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort study

Bhoo-Pathy, Nirmala; Peeters, Petra HM; Uiterwaal, Cuno SPM; Bueno-de-Mesquita, H Bas; Bulgiba, Awang M; Bech, Bodil Hammer; Overvad, Kim; Tjønneland, Anne; Olsen, Anja; Clavel-Chapelon, Françoise; Fagherazzi, Guy; Perquier, Florence; Teucher, Birgit; Kaaks, Rudolf; Schütze, Madlen; Boeing, Heiner; Lagiou, Pagona; Orfanos, Philippos; Trichopoulou, Antonia; Agnoli, Claudia; Mattiello, Amalia; Palli, Domenico; Tumino, Rosario; Sacerdote, Carlotta; van Duijnhoven, Franzel JB; Braaten, Tonje; Lund, Eiliv; Skeie, Guri; Redondo, María-Luisa; Buckland, Genevieve; Pérez, Maria José Sánchez; Chirlaque, Maria-Dolores; Ardanaz, Eva; Amiano, Pilar; Wirfält, Elisabet; Wallström, Peter; Johansson, Ingegerd; Nilsson, Lena Maria; Khaw, Kay-Tee; Wareham, Nick; Allen, Naomi E; Key, Timothy J; Rinaldi, Sabina; Romieu, Isabelle; Gallo, Valentina; Riboli, Elio; van Gils, Carla H

doi:10.1186/s13058-015-0521-3

Table 4 Decaffeinated coffee consumption and risk of breast cancer ^a

From: Coffee and tea consumption and risk of pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort study

Daily decaffeinated coffee intake	Total	No intake of decaffeinated coffee	Low intake ^b	Moderate intake ^b	High intake ^b	P _trend ^c	Per 100 mls
No. of participants	176373	88868	43173	16798	27534
No. of breast cancers	5272	2858	1088	515	811
Premenopausal breast cancers	587	289	149	48	101
Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI)^d		1.08 (0.79-1.49)	1.00	0.86 (0.56-1.32)	1.20 (0.90-1.60)	0.646	1.00 (0.94-1.06)
Postmenopausal cancers	4685	2569	939	467	710
Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI)^e		0.89 (0.80-0.99)	1.00	1.01 (0.89-1.15)	0.97 (0.87-1.08)	0.128	1.01 (0.99-1.03)
ER+ and PR+ subtype	1749	1073	280	174	222
Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI)^f		0.88 (0.73-1.05)	1.00	0.98 (0.79-1.21)	1.07 (0.89-1.30)	0.036	1.02 (0.99-1.06)
ER- and PR- subtype	512	304	93	51	64
Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI)^g		0.69 (0.50-0.94)	1.00	0.92 (0.63-1.34)	0.72 (0.51-1.02)	0.705	0.97 (0.91-1.04)
Analysis by cohort-wide intake
Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI)^h		1.08 (0.76-1.53)	1.00	0.88 (0.62-1.27)	1.16 (0.84-1.60)	0.915	1.00 (0.94-1.06)
Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI)ⁱ		0.87 (0.75-1.01)	1.00	1.00 (0.86-1.16)	0.95 (0.83-1.10)	0.081	1.01 (0.99-1.03)

^aIncludes 176,373 participants with complete data on type of coffee intake, that is, France (n = 48,101), Germany (n = 27,411), Greece (n = 3,125), Italy (n = 11,737), Netherlands (n = 26,866), Spain (n = 6,589), and United Kingdom (52,544). Participants from Norway and Sweden are all non-consumers of decaffeinated coffee and were excluded. ^bCut-off points are based on country specific tertiles of decaffeinated coffee intake after exclusion of non-decaffeinated coffee consumers. ^c P for trend is computed by entering the categories as a continuous term (score variable: 0,1,2,3,4) in the Cox model. ^dIncluding only premenopausal breast cancers (that is, breast cancer diagnosed before the age of 50 years), and participants who were premenopausal at recruitment. Model is stratified by study center and age at recruitment, and adjusted for age at menarche, ever use of oral contraceptives, age at first delivery, breastfeeding, smoking, education, physical activity level, alcohol intake, height, weight, energy intake from fat sources, energy intake from non-fat sources, saturated fat intake, fruits and vegetable intake, caffeinated coffee intake, and tea intake. ^eIncluding only postmenopausal breast cancers (excluding participants with premenopausal breast cancers). Model is stratified by study center and age at recruitment, and adjusted for age at menarche, ever use of oral contraceptives, age at first delivery, breastfeeding, menopausal status at recruitment, ever use of postmenopausal hormones, smoking, education, physical activity level, alcohol intake, height, weight, energy intake from fat sources, energy intake from non-fat sources, saturated fat intake, fruits and vegetable intake, caffeinated coffee intake, and tea intake. ^fHormone receptor status was only known in approximately 67% of patients with breast cancer. This analysis includes only estrogen receptor positive and progesterone receptor positive postmenopausal breast cancers, fully adjusted as in model 5. ^gHormone receptor status was only known in approximately 67% of patients with breast cancer. This analysis includes only estrogen receptor negative and progesterone receptor negative postmenopausal breast cancers, fully adjusted as in model 5. ^hIncluding only premenopausal breast cancers. Using caffeinated coffee intake in cohort wide categories (no intake, quartile 1, quartile 2, quartile 3, quartile 4), and fully adjusted as in model 4. ⁱIncluding only postmenopausal breast cancers. Using caffeinated coffee intake in cohort wide categories (no intake, quartile 1, quartile 2, quartile 3, quartile 4), and fully adjusted as in model 5. CI, confidence interval, ER, estrogen receptor; PR, progesterone receptor.

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ISSN: 1465-542X

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