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Table 3 Caffeinated coffee consumption and risk of breast cancer a

From: Coffee and tea consumption and risk of pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort study

Daily caffeinated coffee intake

Total

No intake of caffeinated coffee

Low intake b

Moderately low intake b

Moderately high intake b

High intake b

P trend c

Per 100 mls

No. of participants

226 368

35590

60772

46429

43565

40012

  

No. of breast cancers

6794

1068

1783

1360

1356

1227

  

Premenopausal breast cancers

724

102

189

159

133

141

  

Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI)d

 

1.14 (0.86-1.53)

1.00

1.23 (0.97-1.55)

1.01 (0.79-1.28)

1.19 (0.93-1.53)

0.547

1.00 (0.97-1.03)

Postmenopausal cancers

6070

966

1594

1201

1223

1086

  

Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI)e

 

1.00 (0.91-1.09)

1.00

0.89 (0.82-0.97)

0.97 (0.90-1.05)

0.90 (0.82-0.98)

0.029

0.98 (0.97-1.00)

ER+ and PR+ subtype

2142

386

602

363

416

375

  

Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI)f

 

0.93 (0.80-1.08)

1.00

0.85 (0.74-0.98)

0.96 (0.84-1.10)

0.84 (0.73-0.97)

0.140

0.98 (0.96-0.99)

ER- and PR- subtype

605

126

154

116

104

105

  

Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI)g

 

1.14 (0.88-1.48)

1.00

0.89 (0.69-1.16)

0.81 (0.62-1.05)

0.80 (0.61-1.05)

0.008

0.96 (0.93-1.00)

Analysis by cohort-wide intake

        

Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI)h

 

1.12 (0.83-1.51)

1.00

1.17 (0.92-1.47)

0.97 (0.75-1.26)

1.11 (0.84-1.48)

0.989

1.00 (0.97-1.03)

Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI)i

 

1.01 (0.92-1.12)

1.00

0.96 (0.88-1.04)

0.97 (0.89-1.06)

0.91 (0.83-1.00)

0.051

0.98 (0.97-1.00)

  1. aIncludes 226,368 participants with complete data on type of coffee intake, that is, France (n = 48,101), Germany (n = 27,411), Greece (n = 3,125), Italy (n = 11,737), Netherlands (n = 26,866), Norway (n = 35,170), Spain (n = 6,589), Sweden (n = 14,825), and United Kingdom (n = 52,544). bCut-off points are based on country specific quartiles of caffeinated coffee intake after exclusion of non-caffeinated coffee consumers. c P for trend is computed by entering the categories as a continuous term (score variable: 0,1,2,3,4) in the Cox model. dIncluding only premenopausal breast cancers (that is, breast cancer diagnosed before the age of 50 years), and participants who were premenopausal at recruitment. Model is stratified by study center and age at recruitment, and adjusted for age at menarche, ever use of oral contraceptives, age at first delivery, breastfeeding, smoking, education, physical activity level, alcohol intake, height, weight, energy intake from fat sources, energy intake from non-fat sources, saturated fat intake, fruits and vegetable intake, decaffeinated coffee intake, and tea intake. eIncluding only postmenopausal breast cancers (excluding participants with premenopausal breast cancers). Model is stratified by study center and age at recruitment, and adjusted for age at menarche, ever use of oral contraceptives, age at first delivery, breastfeeding, menopausal status at recruitment, ever use of postmenopausal hormones, smoking, education, physical activity level, alcohol intake, height, weight, energy intake from fat sources, energy intake from non-fat sources, saturated fat intake, fruits and vegetable intake, decaffeinated coffee intake, and tea intake. fHormone receptor status was only known in approximately 67% of patients with breast cancer. This analysis includes only estrogen receptor positive and progesterone receptor positive postmenopausal breast cancers, fully adjusted as in model 5. gHormone receptor status was only known in approximately 67% of patients with breast cancer. This analysis includes only estrogen receptor negative and progesterone receptor negative postmenopausal breast cancers, fully adjusted as in model 5. hIncluding only premenopausal breast cancers. Using caffeinated coffee intake in cohort wide categories (no intake, quartile 1, quartile 2, quartile 3, quartile 4), and fully adjusted as in model 4. iIncluding only postmenopausal breast cancers. Using caffeinated coffee intake in cohort wide categories (no intake, quartile 1, quartile 2, quartile 3, quartile 4), and fully adjusted as in model 5. CI, confidence interval, ER, estrogen receptor; PR, progesterone receptor.
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Breast Cancer Research

ISSN: 1465-542X

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