Figure 1
From: The future of cytotoxic therapy: selective cytotoxicity based on biology is the key
Clinical trials evaluating combinations of trastuzumab and other signal transduction inhibitors targeting erbB growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases (for example OSI-774, ZD-1839, GW572016, CI-1033) or downstream kinases (R115,777, BAY 43-9006, CI-1040) are needed to enhance the anticancer activity of trastuzumab and reverse trastuzumab resistance in HER2-positive disease. Erk, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase; MEKK, MAP kinase/Erk kinase kinase; PI3-kinase, phosphoinositide 3-kinase.