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Table 1 Angiogenesis modulators produced by inflammatory/immunecells

From: Host microenvironment in breast cancer development Inflammatory and immune cells in tumour angiogenesis and arteriogenesis

Cell type

Activity

Molecule

Reference

Macrophages

Proangiogenic

VEGF

[62]

  

TGF-α

[63, 64]

  

IL-8

[65]

  

bFGF

[66]

  

TP

[30, 67]

  

PDGF

[68]

  

Substance P

[69]

  

Prostaglandins

[70]

 

Antiangiogenic

TSP-1

[71]

  

IFN-α

[72]

  

IFN-γ

[73]

 

Protease

t-PA

[74]

  

u-PA

[75, 76]

  

MMP-1, -2, -3, -7, -9 and -12

[10, 12, 51]

Mast cells

Proangiogenic

VEGF

[77, 78]

  

bFGF

[79]

  

TGF-β

[80]

  

TNF-α

[81]

  

IL-8

[81]

  

Histamine

[48]

 

Protease

Chymase

[9, 81, 82]

  

Tryptase

[9, 81]

  

MMP-9

[12]

  

Heparanase

[83]

Neutrophils

Proangiogenic

VEGF

[84]

  

IL-8

[84]

 

Antiangiogenic

IL-12

[84]

  

IP-10

[85]

  

MIG

[85]

 

Protease

MMP-9

[86]

  

u-PA

[86]

  

Elastase

[12, 87]

  1. bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor; IFN, interferon; IP, interferon gamma inducible protein; MMP, matrix metalloprotease; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; TGF, transforming growth factor; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; TP, thymidine phosphorylase; t-PA, tissue-type plasminogen activator; u-PA, urokinase-type plasminogen activator; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.