Host microenvironment in breast cancer development Inflammatory and immune cells in tumour angiogenesis and arteriogenesis

Breast Cancer Research

Table 1 Angiogenesis modulators produced by inflammatory/immunecells

Cell type	Activity	Molecule	Reference
Macrophages	Proangiogenic	VEGF	[62]
		TGF-α	[63, 64]
		IL-8	[65]
		bFGF	[66]
		TP	[30, 67]
		PDGF	[68]
		Substance P	[69]
		Prostaglandins	[70]
	Antiangiogenic	TSP-1	[71]
		IFN-α	[72]
		IFN-γ	[73]
	Protease	t-PA	[74]
		u-PA	[75, 76]
		MMP-1, -2, -3, -7, -9 and -12	[10, 12, 51]
Mast cells	Proangiogenic	VEGF	[77, 78]
		bFGF	[79]
		TGF-β	[80]
		TNF-α	[81]
		IL-8	[81]
		Histamine	[48]
	Protease	Chymase	[9, 81, 82]
		Tryptase	[9, 81]
		MMP-9	[12]
		Heparanase	[83]
Neutrophils	Proangiogenic	VEGF	[84]
		IL-8	[84]
	Antiangiogenic	IL-12	[84]
		IP-10	[85]
		MIG	[85]
	Protease	MMP-9	[86]
		u-PA	[86]
		Elastase	[12, 87]

bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor; IFN, interferon; IP, interferon gamma inducible protein; MMP, matrix metalloprotease; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; TGF, transforming growth factor; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; TP, thymidine phosphorylase; t-PA, tissue-type plasminogen activator; u-PA, urokinase-type plasminogen activator; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.