Model
|
Transgene
|
Expression pattern
|
Developmental phenotype
|
Tumor phenotype
|
References
|
MMTV-TGF-β1
S223/225
|
Constitutively activated form of TGF-β1
|
Mammary epithelium
|
Decreased ductal development in young animals
|
Inhibition of tumorigenesis induced by chemical carcinogens or oncogenes
|
[8*,11**]
|
WAP-TGF-β1
S223/225
|
Constitutively activated form of TGF-β1
|
Mammary epithelium, specifically in lobulo alveolar progenitors and fate-committed daughters
|
Inability to lactate due to decreased maintenance of lobuloalveolar structures
|
Inhibition of tumorigenesis induced by TGF-β
|
[7,9*] (Smith G, unpublished data)
|
Loss-of-function models
| | | | | |
MMTV-DNR
|
Dominant-negative mutant type II TGF-β receptor
|
Mammary epithelium
|
Precocious lobuloalveolar development and production of milk proteins in virgins
|
Increased spontaneous tumorigenesis in aged mice
|
[27*] (Moses H, unpublished data)
|
MMTV-DNR
|
Dominant-negative mutant type II TGF-β receptor
|
Mammary epithelium
|
Increased lobuloalveolar development in virgins
|
Increased tumorigenesis in response to carcinogens
|
[28**]
|
MT-DNR
|
Dominant-negative mutant type II TGF-β receptor
|
Mammary stroma
|
Increased ductal branching
|
Not described
|
[29*]
|