Smoking at time of diagnosis and breast cancer-specific survival: new findings and systematic review with meta-analysis

Table 3 All-cause mortality according to smoking exposure at time of diagnosis among 5,892 women with invasive breast cancer (1987 to 2008)

^aHRs adjusted for age at diagnosis (≤39, 40 to 49, 50 to 59, 60 to 69, ≥70 years). ^bHRs adjusted for age at diagnosis (≤39, 40 to 49, 50 to 59, 60 to 69, ≥70 years), year of diagnosis (≤1994, 1995 to 1999, 2000 to 2004, ≥2005), age at menarche (≤11, 12, 13, ≥14 years), parity (0, 1, 2, ≥3), menopausal status (premenopausal, postmenopausal), current hormone replacement therapy use (yes, no), first degree family history of breast cancer (yes, no), estrogen and progesterone receptors positivity (positive, negative, not investigated), histological grade (well, moderately, poorly differentiated), size of the tumor (≤10, 11 to 20, 21 to 30, 31 to 40, >40 mm, no pathological investigation), regional or distant involvement (node-negative, 1 to 3 positive nodes, ≥4 positive nodes, unknown nodal involvement, distant metastases), locoregional treatment (mastectomy, breast-conserving surgery, no surgery), neoadjuvant therapy (yes, no), adjuvant endocrine therapy (yes, no), adjuvant chemotherapy (yes, no). ^cReference category. ^dAmong the 1,079 current smokers, number of pack years of smoking, number of cigarettes smoked and duration of smoking were unknown for 296, 60 and 290 women, respectively. ^eP for trend in hazard ratios comparing current smokers further categorized based on number of pack years of smoking, number of cigarettes smoked daily or duration of smoking, to never smokers. HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.

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