From: DNA methylation in ductal carcinoma in situof the breast
Parameter | Methylated gene | Relationship | Data | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nuclear grade | APC | Higher methylation frequency in high-grade DCIS compared with low/intermediate-grade DCIS | Low/intermediate-grade DCIS 15% High-grade DCIS 60% P = 0.006 | Park et al. [49] (2011) |
 | CCND2 | Higher levels of methylationwith increasing Van Nuys grade | P <0.001 | Lehmann et al. [36] (2002) |
 | CDH1 | Increased methylation frequency with increasing nuclear grade in Korean patients | Low-grade DCIS 0% Intermediate-grade DCIS 27% High-grade DCIS 44% P <0.05 | Lee et al. [44] (2008) |
 | CDKN2A | Higher levels of methylationwith increasing nuclear grade, although still low-level methylation (<10%) | Low-grade DCIS 1% Intermediate-grade DCIS 4% High-grade DCIS 7% P <0.002 | Moelans et al. [48] (2011) |
 | GSTP1 | Higher levels of methylationwith increasing nuclear grade | Low-grade DCIS 6% Intermediate-grade DCIS 26% High-grade DCIS 28% P <0.002 | Moelans et al. [48] (2011) |
 | RARB | Higher methylation frequency in high-grade DCIS compared with low/intermediate-grade DCIS | Low/intermediate-grade DCIS 15% High-grade DCIS 53% P = 0.027 | Park et al. [49] (2011) |
ER status | ABCB1 | Higher levels of methylation in ER-positive tumors | Combined results of pure DCIS, mixed DCIS, and IDC cases, P = 0.003 | Muggerud et al. [47] (2010) |
 | FOXC1 | Higher levels of methylation in ER-positive tumors | Combined results of pure DCIS, mixed DCIS, and IDC cases, P = 0.009 | Muggerud et al. [47] (2010) |
 | GSTP1 | Higher levels of methylation in ER-positive tumors | Combined results of pure DCIS, mixed DCIS, and IDC cases, P = 0.003 | Muggerud et al. [47] (2010) |
 | RASSF1A | Higher levels of methylation in ER-positive tumors | Combined results of pure DCIS, mixed DCIS, and IDC cases, P = 0.003 | Muggerud et al. [47] (2010) |
PR status | GSTP1 | Higher levels of methylation in PR-positive tumors | Combined results of pure DCIS, mixed DCIS, and IDC cases, P = 0.009 | Muggerud et al. [47] (2010) |
HER2 amplification | DLEC1 | Higher frequency of methylation in HER2-amplified DCIS | Non-HER2-amplified 26% HER2-amplified 75% P = 0.032 | Park et al. [49] (2011) |
Ki67 index | ABCB1 | Higher methylation levels in tumors with Ki67 <10% | Combined results of pure DCIS, mixed DCIS, and IDC cases, P = 0.006 | Muggerud et al. [47] (2010) |
TP53 mutation status | ABCB1 | Higher levels of methylation in TP53 wild-type tumors | Combined results of pure DCIS, mixed DCIS, and IDC cases, P = 0.015 | Muggerud et al. [47] (2010) |
 | FOXC1 | Higher levels of methylation in TP53 wild-type tumors | Combined results of pure DCIS, mixed DCIS, and IDC cases, P = 0.006 | Muggerud et al. [47] (2010) |
 | PPP2R2B | Higher levels of methylation in TP53 wild-type tumors | Combined results of pure DCIS, mixed DCIS, and IDC cases, P = 0.025 | Muggerud et al. [47] (2010) |
 | PTEN | Higher levels of methylation in TP53 wild-type tumors | Combined results of pure DCIS, mixed DCIS, and IDC cases, P = 0.01 | Muggerud et al. [47] (2010) |