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Table 3 Relationship between methylated genes and previously reported prognostic and predictive factors in ductal carcinoma in situ

From: DNA methylation in ductal carcinoma in situof the breast

Parameter

Methylated gene

Relationship

Data

Reference

Nuclear grade

APC

Higher methylation frequency in high-grade DCIS compared with low/intermediate-grade DCIS

Low/intermediate-grade DCIS 15% High-grade DCIS 60% P = 0.006

Park et al. [49] (2011)

 

CCND2

Higher levels of methylationwith increasing Van Nuys grade

P <0.001

Lehmann et al. [36] (2002)

 

CDH1

Increased methylation frequency with increasing nuclear grade in Korean patients

Low-grade DCIS 0% Intermediate-grade DCIS 27% High-grade DCIS 44% P <0.05

Lee et al. [44] (2008)

 

CDKN2A

Higher levels of methylationwith increasing nuclear grade, although still low-level methylation (<10%)

Low-grade DCIS 1% Intermediate-grade DCIS 4% High-grade DCIS 7% P <0.002

Moelans et al. [48] (2011)

 

GSTP1

Higher levels of methylationwith increasing nuclear grade

Low-grade DCIS 6% Intermediate-grade DCIS 26% High-grade DCIS 28% P <0.002

Moelans et al. [48] (2011)

 

RARB

Higher methylation frequency in high-grade DCIS compared with low/intermediate-grade DCIS

Low/intermediate-grade DCIS 15% High-grade DCIS 53% P = 0.027

Park et al. [49] (2011)

ER status

ABCB1

Higher levels of methylation in ER-positive tumors

Combined results of pure DCIS, mixed DCIS, and IDC cases, P = 0.003

Muggerud et al. [47] (2010)

 

FOXC1

Higher levels of methylation in ER-positive tumors

Combined results of pure DCIS, mixed DCIS, and IDC cases, P = 0.009

Muggerud et al. [47] (2010)

 

GSTP1

Higher levels of methylation in ER-positive tumors

Combined results of pure DCIS, mixed DCIS, and IDC cases, P = 0.003

Muggerud et al. [47] (2010)

 

RASSF1A

Higher levels of methylation in ER-positive tumors

Combined results of pure DCIS, mixed DCIS, and IDC cases, P = 0.003

Muggerud et al. [47] (2010)

PR status

GSTP1

Higher levels of methylation in PR-positive tumors

Combined results of pure DCIS, mixed DCIS, and IDC cases, P = 0.009

Muggerud et al. [47] (2010)

HER2 amplification

DLEC1

Higher frequency of methylation in HER2-amplified DCIS

Non-HER2-amplified 26% HER2-amplified 75% P = 0.032

Park et al. [49] (2011)

Ki67 index

ABCB1

Higher methylation levels in tumors with Ki67 <10%

Combined results of pure DCIS, mixed DCIS, and IDC cases, P = 0.006

Muggerud et al. [47] (2010)

TP53 mutation status

ABCB1

Higher levels of methylation in TP53 wild-type tumors

Combined results of pure DCIS, mixed DCIS, and IDC cases, P = 0.015

Muggerud et al. [47] (2010)

 

FOXC1

Higher levels of methylation in TP53 wild-type tumors

Combined results of pure DCIS, mixed DCIS, and IDC cases, P = 0.006

Muggerud et al. [47] (2010)

 

PPP2R2B

Higher levels of methylation in TP53 wild-type tumors

Combined results of pure DCIS, mixed DCIS, and IDC cases, P = 0.025

Muggerud et al. [47] (2010)

 

PTEN

Higher levels of methylation in TP53 wild-type tumors

Combined results of pure DCIS, mixed DCIS, and IDC cases, P = 0.01

Muggerud et al. [47] (2010)

  1. DCIS, ductal carcinoma in situ; ER, estrogen receptor; IDC, infiltrating ductal carcinoma; PR, progesterone receptor.