From: Mammographic density and breast cancer risk: current understanding and future prospects
 |  |  |  | Association with |  | ||
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Authors, region (year) | Design | Sample size | Measurement of MD | ER status/phenotypea | Sizea, b | Nodal statusa, b | Adjustmentsc |
Yaghjyan et al. [70], USA (2011) | Nested case control | 1,042 cases 1,794 controls | Computer-assisted | Case control: Increased risk of ER+ and ER- tumors (greater for ER-) Increased risk of PR+ and PR- and HER2- and HER2+ tumors | Increased risk for tumors >2 cm but not for tumors <2 cm | Increased risk with node+ and node- disease | Age, BMI, age at menarche, age at first birth, parity, age at menopause, HRT use, family history, history of benign breast disease, alcohol intake, and smoking |
Conroy et al. [71], USA (2011) | Nested case control | 607 cases 667 controls | Computer- assisted | Case control: Increased risk of ER+ tumors only Case only: ER+ > PMD than ER- cases | n/a | n/a | Age, ethnicity, BMI, parity, age at first birth, age at menarche, menopausal status, HRT use, and family history |
Ding et al. [72], Europe (2010) | Nested case control | 370 cases 1,904 controls | Computer- assisted | Case control: Increased risk of ER+ tumors only | Increased risk for tumors of all sizes | Increased risk with node+ and node- disease | Age |
 |  |  |  | Case only: ER+ > PMD than ER- cases | No association | No association |  |
Olsen et al. [73], Europe (2009) | Cohort | 694 cases 48,052 total | Mixed/dense versus fatty | Increased risk of ER+ and ER- tumors (greater for ER+) | n/a | n/a | Age |
Ziv et al. [74], USA (2004) | Cohort | 701 cases 44,811 total | BI-RADS | Increased risk of ER+ and ER- tumors | n/a | n/a | Age, HRT use, BMI, parity, family history, menopause, and race |
Ma et al. [75], USA (2009) | Case control | 479 cases 376 controls | Computer-assisted | Case control: Increased risk of ER+/PR+, ER-/PR-, HER2-, luminal A, and triple-negative tumorsd Case analysis: Molecular subtyped: no association | n/a | n/a | Age, family history, BMI, age at menarche, parity, age at first birth, menopause, and HRT use |
Gierach et al. [76], Europe (2010 abstract) | Case only | 227 cases | Computer- assisted | No significant difference in PMD between luminal A, luminal B, HER2+, basal-like, or unclassified tumorsd | n/a | n/a | Not available (abstract only) |
Arora et al. [77], USA (2010) | Case only | 1,323 cases | BI-RADS | Molecular subtype: no association | No association | No association | Age |
Yang et al. [78], USA (2008) | Case only | 198 cases | BI-RADS | Molecular subtyped: no association | n/a | n/a | None |
Cil et al. [79], Canada (2009) | Case only | 335 cases | Wolfe score | No association | No association | No association | None |
Nickson and Kavanagh [86], Australia (2009) | Case only | 1,348 cases | Semi- automated | n/a | No association | n/a | Age, HRT use, and family history |
Ghosh et al. [80], USA (2008) | Case only | 286 cases | Computer- assisted | No association | No association | n/a | Age, parity, BMI, family history, and HRT use |
Porter et al. [87], Europe (2007) | Case only | 759 cases | BI-RADS | n/a | Positive (screen- detected) | No association | None |
Fasching et al. [81], Europe (2006) | Case only | 434 cases | BI-RADS | No association | Negative | No association | None |
Aiello et al. [82], USA (2005) | Case only | 546 cases | BI-RADS | No association | Positive | Positive | Age, BMI, menopause, and age at first birth |
Morishita et al. [83], Japan (2005) | Case only | 163 cases | BI-RADS | No association | No association | n/a | None |
Roubidoux et al. [84], USA (2004) | Case only | 121 cases | BI-RADS | No association | Positive | No association | Age |
Sala et al. [88], Europe (2000) | Nested case control | 875 cases | Wolfe | n/a | Positive | Positive | None |
Hinton et al. [85], Europe (1985) | Case only | 337 cases | Wolfe | DY pattern associated with greater frequency of ER+ versus ER- tumors | n/a | n/a | None |
Boyd et al. [89], Canada (1982) | Case only | 183 cases | Wolfe | n/a | No association | No association | None |