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Table 1 Cytokine and chemokine profiles in the tumor microenvironment

From: α-Tocopheryloxyacetic acid: a novel chemotherapeutic that stimulates the antitumor immune response

Cytokine/chemokine

Control diet (pg/mg protein ± SEM)

n

α-TEA diet (pg/mg protein ± SEM)

n

Pvalue

IL-1β

306.7 ± 75.2

7

463.4 ± 133.5

7

0.3177

IL-2

3.2 ± 0.3

3

6.2 ± 1.4

3

0.0989

IL-4

3.7 ± 1.6

7

0.6 ± 0.2

6

0.0044

IL-5

3.8 ± 0.4

7

10.7 ± 4.7

7

0.0379

IL-6

8.3 ± 1.8

7

19.8 ± 2.6

7

0.0016

IL-10

4.1 ± 0.6

3

9.5 ± 2.7

3

0.1143

IL-12p70

ND

7

ND

7

-

IL-13

32.9 ± 2.9

3

35.9 ± 9.9

3

0.9472

IL-17

3.2 ± 0.4

7

3.9 ± 0.4

7

0.4557

GM-CSF

22.9 ± 4.7

7

31.3 ± 4.4

7

0.1745

IFN-γ

5.9 ± 0.5

3

12.9 ± 2.8

3

0.0478

CCL2 (MCP-1)

1,357.2 ± 411.3

7

2,712.8 ± 679.9

7

0.1055

CCL3 (MIP1-α)

324.7 ± 49.9

3

837.5 ± 256.2

3

0.0514

CCL4 (MIP-1β)

36.5 ± 3.7

7

61.1 ± 12.5

7

0.1440

CCL5 (RANTES)

193.6 ± 42.6

7

447.2 ± 109.5

7

0.0379

TNF-α

12.1 ± 1.3

7

13.3 ± 0.8

7

0.4415

  1. BALB/c mice with established 4T1 mammary tumors (day 10) received oral α-TEA in their diet. On day 21 posttumor injection, tumors (n = 3 to 7 per group) were resected and equal amounts of tissue were homogenized in tissue lysis buffer containing protease inhibitors. The lysates were clarified by centrifugation, and cytokine and chemokine levels were determined using multiplex luminescent beads. Levels (means ± SEM) were normalized by protein content of the lysate.
  2. α-TEA, α-tocopheryloxyacetic acid; CCL2 (MCP-1), chemokine C-C motif ligand 2 (monocyte chemotactic protein-1); CCL3 (MIP1-α), chemokine C-C motif ligand 3 (macrophage inflammatory protein 1-α); CCL4 (MIP-1β), chemokine C-C motif ligand 4 (macrophage inflammatory protein 1β); CCL5 (RANTES), chemokine C-C motif ligand 5 (regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed, and secreted); GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; IL, interleukin; ND, not detectable; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.