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Figure 2 | Breast Cancer Research

Figure 2

From: Key signalling nodes in mammary gland development and cancer. The Snail1-Twist1 conspiracy in malignant breast cancer progression

Figure 2

Snail1 and Twist1 contribute to a series of normal processes and cancer related progression in the mammary gland. Snail1 and Twist1 contribute to different developmental and pathological outcomes in the mammary gland. Several epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-inducing signals in breast epithelial cells induce Snail1 and Twist1 transcription factors. Examples of effector or direct target genes that are regulated by Snail1 and Twist1 to produce the indicated outcomes are shown. Note that in many cases numerous targets that mediate a specific outcome have been identified, but only one example target or effector gene is shown here. AKT2, v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 2; CAR, coxsackie virus and adenovirus receptor; HIF-1α, hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha; IL-6, interleukin-6; LBX1, ladybird homeobox 1; MiR- 10b, microRNA-10b; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; p21, cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A; p16, cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A; Src-1, steroid receptor co-activator-1; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor-alpha; TrkB, neutrophic tyrosine kinase receptor; Wnt, wingless-type MMTV integration site family; YB-1, Y-box binding protein 1; ZEB1, zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox.

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