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Table 2 Microenvironmental characteristics of developmental stage-specific breast cancers

From: The contribution of dynamic stromal remodeling during mammary development to breast carcinogenesis

Stage

Stromal changes

Growth factors/matrix

PABC

Macrophage recruitment, inflammation, angiogenesis, adipocyte remodeling

ECM degradation, MCP-1, CSF-1, IGF, HGF, TGF beta, systemic estrogen

Postmenopause

Aromatase, epithelial atrophy, stromal replacement, adipocyte remodeling

Local estrogen, lumican, decorin, collagen

Postmenopause with obesity

Macrophages, inflammation, angiogenesis, aromatase, reactive adipose

IGF, HGF, MCP-1, TGF beta, local and systemic estrogen

  1. CSF-1, colony stimulating factor-1; ECM, extracellular matrix; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; MCP-1, monocyte-chemoattractant protein-1; PABC, pregnancy-associated breast cancer; TGF, transforming growth factor.