Breast cancer risk in relation to urinary and serum biomarkers of phytoestrogen exposure in the European Prospective into Cancer-Norfolk cohort study

Table 3 Association between phytoestrogen biomarkers and breast cancer risk in the European Prospective into Cancer-Norfolk study

	Serum (ng/ml)			Urine (μg/mmol creatinine)
	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval	P value	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval	P value
Full study	(219 cases/891 controls)			(198 cases/797 controls)
Total isoflavones	1.03	0.95 to 1.11	0.479	1.08	1.00 to 1.16	0.055
Total lignans	0.99	0.90 to 1.08	0.728	1.01	0.94 to 1.09	0.758
Daidzein	1.04	0.98 to 1.10	0.225	1.05	0.99 to 1.10	0.096
Equol	1.04	0.98 to 1.10	0.167	1.03	0.99 to 1.06	0.131
o-Desmethylangolensin	1.03	0.97 to 1.09	0.390	1.02	0.98 to 1.06	0.250
Genistein	1.00	0.94 to 1.05	0.911	1.01	0.97 to 1.05	0.706
Glycitein	1.03	0.97 to 1.10	0.345	1.03	0.98 to 1.07	0.248
Enterodiol	1.02	0.96 to 1.09	0.461	1.01	0.96 to 1.05	0.772
Enterolactone	0.98	0.91 to 1.05	0.564	0.99	0.94 to 1.04	0.718
Oestrogen receptor-positive subgroup	(105 cases/365 controls)			(95 cases/329 controls)
Total isoflavones	1.01	0.91 to 1.12	0.818	1.09	0.97 to 1.22	0.154
Total lignans	1.02	0.89 to 1.17	0.774	1.12	0.99 to 1.28	0.083
Daidzein	1.05	0.97 to 1.13	0.260	1.03	0.96 to 1.10	0.468
Equol	1.01	0.93 to 1.09	0.887	1.07	1.01 to 1.12	0.013
o-Desmethylangolensin	1.05	0.96 to 1.14	0.314	1.04	0.98 to 1.10	0.192
Genistein	0.99	0.92 to 1.06	0.775	1.00	0.94 to 1.05	0.882
Glycitein	1.03	0.93 to 1.13	0.614	1.04	0.98 to 1.10	0.186
Enterodiol	1.00	0.92 to 1.09	0.990	1.04	0.98 to 1.11	0.235
Enterolactone	1.01	0.91 to 1.14	0.806	1.08	0.98 to 1.19	0.115

Values are log₂-transformed and adjusted for weight, oral contraceptive use, menopausal hormone treatment, menopausal status, parity, menarche, breastfeeding, family history of breast cancer, daily intake of fat and energy, and batch.

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