Table 1 Characteristics of studies examining psychosocial factors associated with breast cancer survival
From: The effect of psychosocial factors on breast cancer outcome: a systematic review
Reference | Setting | Type of study | Study population | Aim of the study |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Greer et al. 1979 [4] | King's College Hospital, UK | Prospective | 69 women with early breast cancer (T 0–1, N 0–1, M 0) | Examination of the effect of the psychological response to breast cancer on outcome |
Derogatis et al. 1979 [5] | Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, Baltimore, USA | Prospective | 35 women under treatment for metastatic breast cancer | Examination of the effect of psychological factors on breast cancer survival |
Marshall et al. 1983 [6] | Roswell Park Memorial Institute | Cohort analysis | 352 white women with primary breast cancer presenting between 1958 and 1960 | Examination of the effect of the social environment on breast cancer survival |
Jensen et al. 1987 [7] | USA | Prospective | Three groups (G) of women: G1 (n = 25), breast cancer recurrent or metastatic; G2 (n = 27), breast cancer without recurrence; G3 (n = 34), no history of cancer | Examination of the effect of psychological factors on the survival/recurrence |
Jamison et al. 1987 [8] | Adult outpatient Oncology Clinic of Vanderbilt University Hospital, Nashville | Prospective | 49 women with metastatic breast cancer | Examination of the effect of psychosocial factors on breast cancer survival |
Hislop et al. 1987 [9] | A Maxwell Evans Clinic, Vancouver, Canada | Prospective | 133 women with primary ductal breast cancer (stages I to IV) diagnosed between June 1980 and May 1981 | Examination of the effect of psychosocial factors on breast cancer survival/recurrence |
Cassileth et al. 1988 [10] | University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center, USA | Prospective (controlled) | 204 patients with advanced, prognostically poor malignant disease at diagnosis (Group I), and 155 patients with intermediate or high-risk melanoma or stage II breast cancer (Group II); breast cancer patients n = 88 | Examination of the effect of psychosocial factors on breast cancer survival in an 8 year follow-up period |
Levy et al. 1988 [11] | NIH Clinical Center | Prospective | 36 women with recurrent breast cancer | Examination of the effect of biological and psychological factors on breast cancer survival |
Ramirez et al. 1989 [12] | Guy's hospital, London Lewisham Hospital, London | Case control | 50 women who had developed a first recurrence after treatment for operable breast cancer, 50 who had operable breast cancer in remission | Examination of the effect of stressful life events on breast cancer recurrence |
Barraclough et al. 1992 [13] | Breast clinics in Southampton and Portsmouth | Prospective | 204 breast cancer patients without clinical evidence of spread beyond the axilla, treated either with mastectomy or wide excision followed by radiotherapy | Examination of the effect of psychosocial factors on breast cancer recurrence |
Morris et al. 1992 [14] | Charing Cross and Royal Marsden Hospitals, London, UK | Prospective | 88 patients with early breast cancer T 0–2, N 0–1, M 0 | Examination of the effect of psychological response to cancer disease on survival/recurrence 3 years post diagnosis and 5 years later |
Reynolds et al. 1994 [15] | National Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia; New Orleans, Louisiana; San Francisco, Oakland, California | Prospective | 552 black and 486 white women with newly diagnosed breast cancer of any stage | Examination of the effect of social factors on breast cancer survival |
Tross et al. 1996 [16] | Multi-centre study, USA | Prospective | 280 women with stage II breast cancer who have undergone surgery and participated in a national clinical trial of CALGB involving 4 adjuvant therapy regimens | Examination of the effect of psychological factors on breast cancer survival/recurrence over a 15 year period |
Buddeberg et al. 1996 [17] | Department of Gynaecology, Zurich and Basel, Switzerland, and Hospital Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Bad Sackingen, Germany | Prospective | 107 women with early breast cancer who had undergone surgery 6 months earlier | Examination of the effect of different coping strategies on breast cancer survival, 5 to 6 years after primary surgical treatment |
Kreitler et al. 1997 [18] | Five hospitals in the centre of Israel | Prospective | 96 women with stage I, II breast cancer | Examination of the effect of psychological factors on breast cancer survival/recurrence |
Tominaga et al. 1998 [19] | Tochigi Cancer Centre hospital, Saitama, Japan | Prospective | 398 female patients who had undergone surgery for primary breast cancer between 1 September 1986 and 31 January 1995 at the Tochigi Cancer Centre Hospital and followed up in the outpatient clinic; some patients were treated with radiation and/or chemotherapy in addition to surgical treatment | Examination of the effect of social factors on breast cancer survival in a follow-up period up to the end of October 1995 or death |
Brabander and Gerits 1999 [20] | The University Hospital of the Free University of Brussels, Belgium | Prospective | 44 patients with stage I to III primary breast carcinoma (56 women were admitted to the University Hospital of the Free University of Brussels for a breast biopsy and 44 of them had a primary mammary carcinoma) | Examination of the effect of acute and chronic stress on breast cancer recurrence in 3.5 year follow-up period |
Watson et al. 1999 [21] | Royal Marsden Hospital, London and Sutton, UK | Prospective | 578 women with an early stage breast cancer (stages I and II), diagnosed 4 to 12 weeks before the inclusion date; their psychological response was measured 4 to 12 weeks and 12 months after diagnosis | Examination of the effect of psychological factors on breast cancer survival/recurrence in an at least 5 year follow-up period |
Reynolds et al. 2000 [22] | National Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia; New Orleans, Louisiana; San Francisco, Oakland, California | Prospective | 442 black and 405 white women with invasive breast cancer of any stage diagnosed during 1985 to 1986 | Examination of the effect of different coping strategies on breast cancer survival |
Butow et al. 2000 [23] | Department of Medical Oncology, Sydney, Australia | Prospective | 99 patients with metastatic breast cancer seen for the first time between 1991 and 1995 in the Department of Medical Oncology in a major teaching hospital in Sydney. Women entered the study a median of 4.7 months since diagnosis of distant metastases | Examination of the effect of psychosocial factors on breast cancer survival in a 2 year follow-up period |
Weihs et al. 2000 [24] | Four academic medical centres in Washington, USA | Prospective cohort | 32 (out of 65 eligible) patients with recurrent breast cancer diagnosed 6 to 19 months earlier and stabilized using surgical, medical and/or radiation therapies | Examination of the effect of psychological factors on breast cancer survival at 6 and 19 months after diagnosis |
Graham et al. 2002 [25] | NHS Breast Clinic, London; 1991 to 1999 | Prospective observational cohort | Consecutive series of 222 women diagnosed at Guy's Hospital between May 1991 and July 1994, aged 60 and under, newly diagnosed as having a primary operable breast tumour; 202/222 (91%) eligible women participated in the first life experiences interview, while 170 (77%) provided complete interview data either up to 5 years after diagnosis or recurrence | Examination of the effect of stress on breast cancer recurrence in a 5 year follow-up period |
Soler-Vila et al. 2003 [26] | 22 Connecticut hospitals, USA | Prospective cohort | 145 African-American and 177 white women (out of 423 eligible women) diagnosed with a first primary breast cancer of any stage between January 1987 and March 1989 | Examination of the effect of psychosocial factors on all-cause mortality and breast cancer mortality in 10 year follow-up period |
Soler-Vila et al. 2005 [27] | 22 Connecticut hospitals, USA | Prospective | 145 African-American and 177 white women (out of 423 eligible women) diagnosed with a first primary breast cancer between January 1987 and March 1989 | Examination of the effect of cancer-specific beliefs on breast cancer survival in a 15 year follow-up period |
Hjerl et al. 2003 [28] | Denmark | Retrospective | 20,589 women with breast cancer; 10,382 had early stage (tumour size <50 mm and no axillary lymph nodes infiltrated), 10,211 had late stage breast cancer (tumour size >50 mm, at least one infiltrated axillary lymph node, malignancy stage II or III in premenopausal women) | Examination of the effect of depression on breast cancer survival |
Goodwin et al. 2004 [29] | Toronto, Ontario, Canada | Prospective | 397 women diagnosed with breast cancer at participating University of Toronto teaching hospitals between October 1991 and May 1996. The patients were under 75 years of age, with T1 to T3, N0/N1, and M0 breast cancer; they represented women recruited during the final 5 years of a larger prospective cohort study examining prognostic effects of a number of lifestyle-related factors | Examination of the effect of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and psychosocial factors on breast cancer survival/recurrence 2 months after diagnosis and 1 year later |
Osborne et al. 2004 [30] | Four Melbourne public teaching hospitals; Preston and Northcote Community Hospital, Western Hospital, Maroondah Hospital, Dandenong Hospital | Prospective | 62 women with first primary breast cancer who had no clinically obvious metastatic disease; women had completed chemotherapy treatment more than 4 weeks prior to their entry to the study | Examination of the effect of immune status and psychosocial factors on breast cancer survival in a 6.1 to 7.9 year follow-up period |
Weihs et al. 2005 [31] | Washington, USA | Prospective | 90 (out of the 183 eligible participants) women with invasive breast cancer stages II and III | Examination of the effect of social support on breast cancer survival in an 8 to 9 year follow-up period |
Osborne et al. 2005 [32] | USA (the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) tumour registries is supported by the National Cancer Institute and includes registries in selected geographic areas: Detroit, San Francisco/Oakland, Atlanta, Seattle, Los Angeles and San Jose/Monterey, and the States of Connecticut, Iowa, New Mexico, Utah, and Hawaii) | Retrospective | 32,268 women aged 65 years and older who were diagnosed with breast cancer of any stage from 1991 to 1995 and were followed over a 3 year period | Examination of the effect of marital status on breast cancer survival in a 3 year follow-up period |
Lehto et al. 2006 [33] | Tampere University Hospital Oncology Clinic, Finland | Prospective | 101 (out of 102) patients under 72 years of age with localized or regional breast cancer, who were admitted for treatment and/or follow-up to the Tampere University Hospital Oncology Clinic from January to October 1996 | Examination of the effect of psychosocial factors on breast cancer survival |
Kroenke et al. 2006 [34] | USA | Prospective study, based on the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) of 121,700 USA female nurses (at baseline in 1976, and biennially, participants provided health behaviour and medical history information through mailed questionnaires. A subset (n = 108,170) of these women also responded to social networks questions in 1992, 1996, or 2000 | 2,835 (out of 3,248) women aged 46 to 71 in 1992 from the Nurses' Health Study, who were diagnosed with stages 1 to 4 breast cancer between 1992 and 2002, without previous diagnosed cancer (except non-melanoma skin cancer) and who responded to social networks questions before diagnosis. Also, 1,753 women similarly diagnosed, without prior cancer, who completed social networks questions 1 to 4 years after diagnosis but before recurrence (defined as a second cancer on a routine NHS follow-up if lung, liver, bone, or brain cancer) | Examination of the effect of social factors on breast cancer survival in a 12 year follow-up period |