Figure 3

Blockage of growth factor receptor signaling pathways to overcome tamoxifen resistance. Tamoxifen (T) bound estrogen receptor (ER)-α in the membrane can activate epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), setting up a signaling cascade that leads to tamoxifen resistance. Blocking EGFR activation would block activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), AKT, ER-α and amplified in breast cancer (AIB)1, and would restore tamoxifen's antagonist activity on tumor growth.